Proportionality and its Applicability in the Realm of Cyber Attacks

With an ever-increasing reliance on State cyber-attacks, the need for an international treaty governing the actions of Nation-States in the realm of cyberwarfare has never been greater. States now have the ability to cause unprecedented civilian loss with their cyber actions. States can destroy financial records, disrupt stock markets, manipulate cryptocurrency, shut off nuclear reactors, turn off power grids, open dams, and even shut down air traffic control systems with the click of a mouse. This article argues that any cyber-attack launched with a reasonable expectation to inflict “incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, or damage to civilian objects,” must be subject to the existing laws of proportionality. This article further examines the broader concept of proportionality, and the difficulties associated with applying a proportionality analysis to an offensive cyber-strike. This paper asserts that the ambiguities and complexities associated with applying the law of proportionality—in its current state and within a cyber context—will leave civilian populations vulnerable to the aggressive cyber actions of the world’s cyber powers. Consequently, this article stresses the necessity of developing a proportionality standard within a unified international cyberwarfare convention and asserts that such a standard is required in order to prevent the creation of a pathway towards lethal cyber aggressions unrestrained by the laws of war

Artefact versus architecture: the use of space in Irish passage tombs

This paper examines interpretation and material culture in the Irish passage tomb tradition. Specifically, it asks whether the finds of human bone and associated artefacts or the built space should take precedence when interpreting the role of these monuments. It is proposed that just as finds have the potential to illuminate the past, they have an equal capacity to deflect us from past realities – a point that is sometimes insufficiently considered by archaeologists. Though the deposition of human remains may have been central to the construction of passage tombs, it is equally possible it had a partial or secondary role at some monuments. If we consider space as the primary arbiter in the interpretation of these sites, then it becomes possible to envisage alternative roles that passage tombs may have fulfilled.Cet article aborde la question de l’interprétation et de la culture matérielle dans la tradition des tombes à couloir d’Irlande. Lorsque nous interprétons le rôle de ces monuments, faut-il nous baser prioritairement sur les ossements humains et les mobiliers associés, ou plutôt sur l’espace construit ? Si les dépôts funéraires ont la capacité de nous éclairer sur le passé, on avance ici qu’ils ont également la capacité de nous détourner des réalités du passé – un point qui n’est pas suffisamment pris en considération par les archéologues. Bien que le dépôt de restes humains fut certainement un aspect central pour la construction des tombes à couloir, il est également possible que cette pratique n’ait eu qu’un rôle partiel ou secondaire dans certains monuments. En prenant l’espace comme référence principale pour l’interprétation de ces sites, il devient alors possible d’envisager d’autres rôles que les tombes à couloir ont pu remplir

A comparative study of the lives of Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic clergy in the south-eastern dioceses of Ireland from 1550 to 1650

Abstract included in Introduction

Waist circumference provides an indication of numerous cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Objective: To report the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate the ability of anthropometric measures to predict these factors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Testing took place in a laboratory setting. Participants: Adults with CP (NZ55; mean age, 37.5 13.3y; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels, IeV) participated in this study. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein levels were measured from a fasting venous blood sample. Insulin resistance was calculated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio were also measured. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. Results: The prevalence of the MetS was 20.5% in ambulatory adults and 28.6% in nonambulatory adults. BMI was associated with HOMA-IR only (bZ.451; P<.01). WC was associated with HOMA-IR (bZ.480; P<.01), triglycerides (bZ.450; P<.01), and systolic blood pressure (bZ.352; P<.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that WC provided the best indication of hypertensive blood pressure, dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, and the presence of multiple risk factors (area under the curve, .713e.763). Conclusions: A high prevalence of the MetS was observed in this relatively young sample of adults with CP. WC was a better indicator of a number of risk factors than was BMI and presents as a clinically useful method of screening for cardiometabolic risk among adults with CP

Eye and neural defects associated with loss of GDF6

BACKGROUND: In Xenopus the bone morphogenetic protein growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) is expressed at the edge of the neural plate, and within the anterior neural plate including the eye fields. Here we address the role of GDF6 in neural and eye development by morpholino knockdown experiments. RESULTS: We show that depletion of GDF6 (BMP13) resulted in a reduction in eye size, loss of laminar structure and a reduction in differentiated neural cell types within the retina. This correlated with a reduction in staining for Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation indicating a decrease in GDF6 signalling through loss of phosphorylation of these intracellular mediators of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling. In addition, the Pax6 expression domain is reduced in size at early optic vesicle stages. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is generally reduced in intensity along the neural tube, while in the retina and brain discreet patches of NCAM expression are also lost. GDF6 knock down resulted in an increase in cell death along the neural tube and within the retina as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that GDF6 has an important role in neural differentiation in the eye as well as within the central nervous system, and that GDF6 may act in some way to maintain cell survival within the ectoderm, during the normal waves of programmed cell death

Studi Tentang Pengaruh Parameter Pemesinan Terhadap Sifat Mampu Mesin Baja Perkakas pada Pemesinan dengan EDM

Banyaknya parameter proses di dalam EDM mengakibatkan diperlukannya penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai respon yang terjadi. Penelitian sebelumnya yang dilak.ukan oleh mahasiswa teknik manufak.tur meneliti tentang kuat arus, durasi pulsa dan wak.tu pemesinan terhadap laju pemakanan material (MRR) dan kekasaran permukaaan , ak.an tetapi belum meneliti pengaruh diameter elektroda. Parameter proses yang diteliti adalah diameter elektroda, tingkat arus dan durasi pulsa. Sedangkan respon yang diamati adalah MRR dan laju keausan elektroda (EWR). Penelitian ini dilak.ukan terhadap material baja perkak.as AISI 1045 dengan elektroda tembaga di laboratorium Prosman UBAYA. Penelitian dilak.ukan dengan metode Taguchi dengan rancangan percobaan Orthogonal Array L9 dengan dua kali pengulangan pada tiga taraf. Memodelkan hubungan matematis antara parameter proses dengan parameter respon melalui analisa regresi. Respon diukur dengan menimbang massa awal dan masssa ak.hir dengan timbangan digital. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa diameter elektroda, tingkat arus, dan durasi pulsa mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap MRR dan EWR. Selain itu dari hasil analia regresi diperoleh model matematis yang menggambarkan hubungan antara parameter proses dengan parameter respon. Diameter elektroda dan kuat arus mempunyai korelasi positif terhadap MRR dan EWR, sedangkan kuat arus mempunyai korelasi negatif terhadap MRR dan EWR

Tasting Landscape: Expressing sense of place through Idiot's Grace

57 pagesGenius loci and terroir are concepts that both relate to how the relationship between people and place is experienced through a personal sensory experience. Viticultural landscapes are working landscapes that also provide aesthetic, emotional, and sensory value – and the connections between wine and place are a critical component of winemaking culture. Idiot’s Grace winery, a small organic winery in Mosier, OR, provides an opportunity to explore how genius loci and terroir intersect through design. Using case study analysis, the project will compare the form, space, function, and concept of relevant projects to create design guidelines. Following this process, the guidelines will be tested through experimental design and simulation

Transitioning from Professional Practice to Teaching during COVID-19: A Participatory Research Study

The transition from expert occupational therapy practice to academic educator is stressful and complex, involving the development of a new professional identity. In 2020-21 COVID-19 created a new challenge for recently employed academics, who were in this transition process. This study utilized participatory research to explore the impact of COVID-19 on six new occupational therapy lecturers who were employed immediately before and during the pandemic. The participatory research approach simultaneously engaged participants in research processes and aimed to promote researcher development. Three focus groups were conducted to explore participants experiences before, during and after COVID-19 restrictions. Focus groups transcripts were coded and analyzed thematically. Four themes were identified: 1) Discovery 2) Turbulence 3) Survival and 4) Reflections were linked to an overarching analogy. Covid-19 accelerated the transition to teaching as participants discovered effective strategies for teaching online through trial and error, with little available support. The easing of restrictions brought new challenges and anxieties for participants unfamiliar with classroom teaching. The study highlights the complexity of transitioning to academia, and the importance of peer and team support during the first two years. The participatory research process utilized in this study provided an opportunity to reflect back on the transition process while developing researcher skills and experience

An Assessment of Water Quality Data from Kilkieran Bay, Co. Galway

A programme monitoring water quality was carried out at 11 sites in Kilkieran Bay, Co. Galway from 1984 to the 1998, for the most part. Continuous monthly readings were recorded at 5 of these sites. Three sites were sampled for temperature, salinity, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate. Three replicate samples were taken at each sampling event. While salinity remained relatively stable throughout, temperature varied considerably between winter and summer months (e.g. Lettercallow, 3.5-18.5ºC), at each of the sites. Nutrient levels were highest in winter months at all sites. The innermost sites tended to have lower salinities and lower nutrient levels. However, there were no statistical differences in nutrient levels among the sites and from year to year. These findings suggest that there was no appreciable increase (or decrease) in nutrient loading within Kilkieran Bay. It is recommended that sampling within the bay is defined according to the broad geographic regions outlined and that intensive sampling was not necessary.Funder: Marine Institut