Validation of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) surface UV radiation product

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. The S5P is a Sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite providing global daily coverage. The TROPOMI swath is 2600 km wide, and the ground resolution for most data products is 7:23:5 km2 (5:63:5 km2 since 6 August 2019) at nadir. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is responsible for the development of the TROPOMI UV algorithm and the processing of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product which includes 36 UV parameters in total. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic areas were used for validation of the TROPOMI overpass irradiance at 305, 310, 324 and 380 nm, overpass erythemally weighted dose rate/UV index, and erythemally weighted daily dose for the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 August 2019. The validation results showed that for most sites 60 % 80% of TROPOMI data was within 20% of ground-based data for snow-free surface conditions. The median relative differences to ground-based measurements of TROPOMI snow-free surface daily doses were within 10% and 5% at two-Thirds and at half of the sites, respectively. At several sites more than 90% of cloud-free TROPOMI data was within 20% of groundbased measurements. Generally median relative differences between TROPOMI data and ground-based measurements were a little biased towards negative values (i.e. satellite data ground-based measurement), but at high latitudes where non-homogeneous topography and albedo or snow conditions occurred, the negative bias was exceptionally high: from 30% to 65 %. Positive biases of 10 % 15% were also found for mountainous sites due to challenging topography. The TROPOMI surface UV radiation product includes quality flags to detect increased uncertainties in the data due to heterogeneous surface albedo and rough terrain, which can be used to filter the data retrieved under challenging conditions

The potential of social indicators: Minimum conditions for impact at the national level as suggested by a study of the use of ‘social indicators’ 73

Empirical evidence is presented which suggests that the use of social indicators among upper level government officials in the United States is minimal at present. Further, the level of use is not likely to be increased by improved measurement procedures, aesthetically improved packaging, or more widespread dissemination of such information among persons who influence policy decisions. The power of such information can be expected to be no greater than that of ‘mere’ statistics unless deliberate effort is made to institutionalize the importance of social indicators into government operations in conjunction with policy planning, goal setting, and commitment to the use of indicators as a system of national evaluation of progress toward the achievement of societal objectives. Several recommendations are made to develop the potential of social indicators and to increase their creative and useful application in matters of public policy at the national level.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43692/1/11205_2004_Article_BF00352942.pd

Nouveau plan complet de Paris avec ses fortifications : divisé en 12 arrondissements & 48 sections avec les principaux monuments en elévation, donnant la distance légale en mètres des forts détachés aux murs d'enceinte & aux murs d'octroi indiquant la population & les fêtes patronales des environs de Paris / gravé sur acier par J.N. Henriot.

Selected buildings shown pictorially. Includes indexes and regional map.Color1:16,90

Spaceborne observations of ocean glint reflectance and modeling of wave slope distributions

International audienceMeasurements of wind speed and direction from the NASA Scatterometer and ocean reflectance from the POLDER multi-directional radiometer are used for a quantitative analysis of the ocean glint intensity and shape. These two instruments have been flying on board the ADEOS satellite platform, which assures a very large data set of coincident measurements distributed over all oceans. The glint intensity and pattern is directly related to the wave slope probability function. The slope distribution model developed by Cox and Munk (1954) more than half a century ago, which is a function of wind speed and direction, permits an excellent fit of the observation. In particular, the modeled mean square slope is in near perfect agreement with that derived from the satellite data. The latter permit, however, a novel analysis of the deviations from a pure Gaussian slope distribution. In particular, it is shown that the skewness is a non-linear function of the wind speed. A typical glint reflectance in the specular direction is 0.2, which is therefore significantly smaller than, for instance, a typical cloud reflectance. There are large variations with the Sun zenith angle, however, that are easily accounted for with a simple formula. The glint reflectance allows an estimate of the wind speed that is highly correlated with the independent measurement from the scatterometer, with an estimated error less than 1 m s À1. The multidirectional reflectance measurements from POLDER also permit the retrieval of the wind direction, albeit only in favorable conditions depending on the respective orientation of the view and wind vectors

Reduction of repeatability error for analysis of variance-Simultaneous Component Analysis (REP-ASCA): application to NIR spectroscopy on coffee sample

A method to reduce repeatability error in multivariate data for Analysis of variance-Simultaneous Component Analysis (REP-ASCA) has been developed. This method proposes to adapt the acquisition protocol by adding a set containing repeated measures for describing repeatability error. Then, an orthogonal projection is performed in the row-space to reduce the repeatability error of the original dataset. Finally, ASCA is performed on the orthogonalized dataset. This method was evaluated on NIR spectral data of coffee beans. This study shows that the repeatability error due to physical variations between measurements can alter results of the analysis of variance. These effects are predominant in factors analysis and can be seen on spectra as constant or non-constant baselines. By reducing repeatability error with REP-ASCA, baselines are removed and factor analysis provides more information about chemical content of the factors of interest

Systematic bioinformatics and experimental validation of yeast complexes reduces the rate of attrition during structural investigations.

For high-throughput structural studies of protein complexes of composition inferred from proteomics data, it is crucial that candidate complexes are selected accurately. Herein, we exemplify a procedure that combines a bioinformatics tool for complex selection with in vivo validation, to deliver structural results in a medium-throughout manner. We have selected a set of 20 yeast complexes, which were predicted to be feasible by either an automated bioinformatics algorithm, by manual inspection of primary data, or by literature searches. These complexes were validated with two straightforward and efficient biochemical assays, and heterologous expression technologies of complex components were then used to produce the complexes to assess their feasibility experimentally. Approximately one-half of the selected complexes were useful for structural studies, and we detail one particular success story. Our results underscore the importance of accurate target selection and validation in avoiding transient, unstable, or simply nonexistent complexes from the outset