Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Biji Pala (Myristicae Fragrans)terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Dan Streptococcus Pyogenes

: People of Indonesia especially in North Sulawesi often use nutmeg powder for wound treatment. Comensalist bacterias that live in human skin, like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenescan infect open wound especially those that are not treatedwell. This study aimed to find out the result of nutmeg extract inhibition test on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. This was a laboratory experimental study using modified Kirby-Bauer wells at Phytochemistry and Micobriology Laboratory of Sam Ratulangi University Faculty of Mathematics and Science. Nutmeg extract was obtained from maceration process with 96% ethanol. Concentrations of the thick extract that was used were 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 12,5 mg/ml. Cefuroxime was used as positive control and aquades was used as negative control. The results showed that aquades had no inhibition zone. Cefuroxime had the widest diameter of inhibition zone. The average of inhibition diameter that was produced by Cefuroxime was 37,33 mm toward S. Aureus bacteria and 42,67 mm toward S. Pyogenes bacteria. Nutmeg extract with 100 mg/ml concentration produced a 25,16 mm inhibition zone diameter on S. Aureus bacteria and 24,16 mm on S. Pyogenes bacteria. Nutmeg extract with 25 mg/ml concentration produced a 19,16 mm diameter on S. Aureus bacteria and 20,66 mm on S. Pyogenes bacteria. While nutmeg extract with 12,5 mg/ml concentration prodyced a 16,16 mm diameter on S. Aureus bacteria and 18,16 mm on S. Pyogenes bacteria. Conclusion: Nutmeg extract has a potential inhibition effect on the growth of S. Aureus and S. Pyogenes bacteria. The inhibition effect of nutmeg extract is stronger on S. Pyogenes than S. Aureus

Uji Efek Air Perasan Albedo Semangka Kuning (Citrilus Lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Tikus Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Aloksan

: Indonesian has various natural resources, second as largest after Brazil. One of the traditional medicine that has been used is watermelon. The part of watermelon that is known to be used as medicine is its white layer between the peel and the fruit, albedo. This study aimed to determine the effect of yellow watermelon albedo juice on blood glucose levels in wistar rats induced by alloxan. Subjects consisted of 18 male Wistar rats divided into 6 groups as follows: a negative control group, 3 groups of hyperglycemic rats induced with alloxan 120 mg/kg body weight; and 2 groups given only yellow watermelon albedo juice. Hyperglycemic rats were given yellow watermelon albedo with dose of 9 g/kg body weight and 4,5 g/kg body weight; positive control group was given novomix; and two other groups were given only yellow watermelon albedo juice. Blood glucose levels of each rat were evaluated on day 1, day 2, and day 3 before the treatment after 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours. The results showed that administration of yellow watermelon albedo juice 9 g/kg body weight of Wistar rats reduced the blood glucose level until 126.67 mg/dl, meanwhile the dose 4.5 g/kg body weight reduced the blood glucose level until 173.67 mg/dl. Conclusion: Administration of yellow watermelon albedo juice of 9 g/kg body weight and 4.5 g/kg body weight could reduce blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic Wistar rats induced by alloxan

Uji Efek Analgesik Ekstrak Daun Beluntas (Pluchea Indica (L.) Less.) Pada Mencit (Mus Musculus)

: This research aimed to know whether or not the extract of marsh fleabane leaves possess an analgesic effect on mice. This research used experimental method, with the sample of 15 mice divided into 5 groups. The negative control group is given aquadest, the positive control group is given paracetamol, and 3 experimental group are given marsh fleabane leaves extract, each is given at dose 150 mg/kgBB, 300 mg/kgBB, and 600 mg/kgBB. The testing of analgesic effect is done by giving pain stimulation to the mice, by means of applying 55°C heat. Mice's response is observed is licking or flicking response. The observation is done for 1 minute. The observation is done before the administration of test substances, and then the observation is done on the 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th minute after the administration of test substances. The research result showed the amount of response of pain stimulation on the group is given marsh fleabane leaves extract start decrease on the 30th minute and keep on giving effect on the 60th minute. On the 90th minute the analgesic effect start decrease, but still show analgesic effect. The extract of marsh fleabane leaves show analgesic effect, but the effect analgesic of marsh fleabane is lower than paracetamol

Uji Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus)

: This research aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of guava leaves on levels of total cholesterol of rat that is induced propylthiouracil. This was an experimental research. The sample used was 15 rats were divided into 5 groups (1 group is consist of 3 rats), namely: 1) positive control, 2) extract dose of 200 mg/kgBB, 3) extract dose of 400 mg/kgBB, 4) extract dose of 800 mg/kgBB and 5) negative control. Group 1 to 4 are given propylthiouracil given for 14 days, then given treatment appropiate with the group. The result show that: 1) the average of total cholesterol levels increased after administration propylthiouracil from 156.34 mg/dL to 247.84 mg/dL, 2) at a dose of 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB and 800 mg/kgBB showed a decline in total cholesterol levels by 32.73%, 58.73% and 47.26%, 3) the positive control decreased total cholesterol levels by 39.46% and 4) total cholesterol levels on negative is unstable (there are up and some are down). The result of this research concluse that: guava leaf extract at dose of 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB and 800 mg kgBB have an effect in lowering total cholesterol of rat had been induced prophylthiouracil

Perkembangan Produktivitas, Luas Lahan, Harga Domestik, Permintaan dan Ekspor Biji Kakao Indonesia Periode 1990-2013

Acreage development, production, productivity, and Indonesian cocoa exports cannot be separated from the influence of various cocoa policies applied by the Indonesian government and the international cocoa institution that is ICCO. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the behavior of the economy, including productivity, demand, export, and cocoa prices, and impact of domestic policy for the behavior of Indonesian cocoa economy. The analysis method used for the economy behavior was the simultaneous equation model with 2SLS approach (Two Stage Least Square). The analysis showed domestic production is influenced by cocoa price, fertilizer price, labor costs, and technology. Cocoa demand is influenced by the amount of domestic prices of processed cocoa. Cocoa exports is affected by the production, world prices, exchange rates, exports of cocoa from the previous year, and domestic demand for cocoa whereas domestic prices are influenced by world prices, domestic supply, and domestic prices of the previous yearKeywords: cocoa, 2SLS, behavior of the economy, demand, exportABSTRAKPerkembangan luas areal, produksi, produktivitas,dan ekspor kakao Indonesia tidak lepas dari pengaruh berbagai kebijakan kakao yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dan lembaga kakao dunia, yaitu ICCO. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku ekonomi, termasuk produktivitas, permintaan, ekspor, harga kakao dan dampak kebijakan domestik untuk perilaku ekonomi kakao Indonesia. Analisis metode perilaku ekonomi yang digunakan adalah model persamaan simultan dengan pendekatan 2SLS (Two Stage Least Square). Hasil analisis menunjukkan produksi dipengaruhi oleh harga domestik kakao, harga pupuk, biaya tenaga kerja, teknologi. Permintaan kakao dipengaruhi oleh jumlah harga domestik olahan kakao. ekspor kakao dipengaruhi oleh produksi, harga dunia, nilai tukar, ekspor kakao dari tahun sebelumnya, permintaan domestik untuk kakao. harga domestik dipengaruhi oleh harga dunia, pasokan dalam negeri, harga domestik dari tahun sebelumnya.Kata kunci: kakao, 2SLS, perilaku ekonomi, permintaan, ekspo

Loss of CCR7 Expression on CD56brightCD56^{bright} NK Cells Is Associated with a CD56dimCD16+CD56^{dim}CD16^{+} NK Cell-Like Phenotype and Correlates with HIV Viral Load

NK cells are pivotal sentinels of the innate immune system and distinct subpopulations in peripheral blood have been described. A number of studies addressed HIV-induced alterations of NK cell phenotype and functionality mainly focusing on $CD56^{dim}CD16^{+}$ and $CD56^{-} CD16^{+}$ NK cells. However, the impact of HIV-infection on $CD56^{bright}$ NK cells is less well understood. Here we report a rise of $CD56^{bright}$ NK cells in HIV-infected individuals, which lack CCR7-expression and strongly correlate with HIV viral load. $CCR7^{−} CD56^{bright}$ NK cells were characterized by increased cytolytic potential, higher activation states and a more differentiated phenotype. These cells thus acquired a number of features of $CD56^{dim}CD16^{+}$ NK cells. Furthermore, $CD56^{bright}$ NK cells from HIV patients exhibited higher degranulation levels compared to uninfected individuals. Thus, chronic HIV-infection is associated with a phenotypic and functional shift of $CD56^{bright}$ NK cells, which provides a novel aspect of HIV-associated pathogenesis within the NK cell compartment