Identification of the major cytoplasmic regions of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H (+)-ATPase using protein chemical techniques.

The transmembrane topography of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase has been investigated using purified, reconstituted components and direct protein chemical techniques. Reconstituted proteoliposomes containing H(+)-ATPase molecules oriented predominantly with their cytoplasmic surface facing outward were treated with trypsin to liberate peptides present on the cytoplasmic surface of the H(+)-ATPase as recently described (Hennessey, J.P., Jr., and Scarborough, G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 532-537. The released peptides were then separated from the proteoliposomes by gel filtration chromatography and further purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Fourteen such peptides were identified by NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, directly defining these parts of the molecule as present on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. Moreover, this information identified several additional flanking stretches as likely to be cytoplasmically located by virtue of the fact that they are too short to cross the membrane and return. These results and the results of other recent experiments establish 417 residues of the 919 present in the ATPase molecule, at positions 2-100, 186-256, 441-663, and 897-920, as cytoplasmically located. Taken together with the results of our preliminary investigations of the membrane embedded sectors of the ATPase, this information allows the formulation of a reasonably detailed model for the transmembrane topography of the ATPase polypeptide chain

Methodology for quantum logic gate constructions

We present a general method to construct fault-tolerant quantum logic gates with a simple primitive, which is an analog of quantum teleportation. The technique extends previous results based on traditional quantum teleportation (Gottesman and Chuang, Nature {\bf 402}, 390, 1999) and leads to straightforward and systematic construction of many fault-tolerant encoded operations, including the $\pi/8$ and Toffoli gates. The technique can also be applied to the construction of remote quantum operations that cannot be directly performed.Comment: 17 pages, mypsfig2, revtex. Revised with a different title, a new appendix for clarifying fault-tolerant preparation of quantum states, and various minor change

Identification of the membrane-embedded regions of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H (+)-ATPase.

Reconstituted proteoliposomes containing functional Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase molecules oriented predominantly with their cytoplasmic surface exposed were treated with trypsin and then subjected to Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography to remove the liberated peptides. The peptides remaining associated with the liposomes were then separated from the phospholipid by Sephadex LH-60 column chromatography and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six H(+)-ATPase peptides with approximate molecular masses of 7, 7.5, 8, 10, 14, and 21 kDa were found to be tightly associated with the liposomal membrane. Amino acid sequencing of the 7-, 7.5-, and 21-kDa peptides in the LH-60 eluate identified them as H(+)-ATPase fragments beginning at residues 99 or 100, 272, and 660, respectively. After further purification, the approximately 10- and 14-kDa peptides were also similarly identified as beginning at residues 272 and 660. The approximately 8-kDa fragment was purified further but could not be sequenced, presumably indicating NH2-terminal blockage. To identify which of the liposome-associated peptides are embedded in the membrane, H(+)-ATPase molecules in the proteoliposomes were labeled from the hydrophobic membrane interior with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine and cleaved with trypsin, after which the membrane-associated peptides were purified and assessed for the presence of label. The results indicate that the approximately 7-, 7.5-, and 21-kDa peptides are in contact with the lipid bilayer whereas the approximately 8-kDa peptide is not. Taken together with the results of our recent analyses of the peptides released from the proteoliposomes, this information establishes the transmembrane topography of nearly all of the 919 residues in the H(+)-ATPase molecule

Call Me Caitlyn: Making and making over the 'authentic' transgender body in Anglo-American popular culture

A conception of transgender identity as an ‘authentic’ gendered core ‘trapped’ within a mismatched corporeality, and made tangible through corporeal transformations, has attained unprecedented legibility in contemporary Anglo-American media. Whilst pop-cultural articulations of this discourse have received some scholarly attention, the question of why this 'wrong body' paradigm has solidified as the normative explanation for gender transition within the popular media remains underexplored. This paper argues that this discourse has attained cultural pre-eminence through its convergence with a broader media and commercial zeitgeist, in which corporeal alteration and maintenance are perceived as means of accessing one’s ‘authentic’ self. I analyse the media representations of two transgender celebrities: Caitlyn Jenner and Nadia Almada, alongside the reality TV show TRANSform Me, exploring how these women’s gender transitions have been discursively aligned with a cultural imperative for all women, cisgender or trans, to display their authentic femininity through bodily work. This demonstrates how established tropes of authenticity-via-bodily transformation, have enabled transgender to become culturally legible through the wrong body trope. Problematically, I argue, this process has worked to demarcate ideals of ‘acceptable’ transgender subjectivity: self-sufficient, normatively feminine, and eager to embrace the possibilities for happiness and social integration provided by the commercial domain

New Results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Experiment

Using improved Ge and Si detectors, better neutron shielding, and increased counting time, the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment has obtained stricter limits on the cross section of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) elastically scattering from nuclei. Increased discrimination against electromagnetic backgrounds and reduction of neutron flux confirm WIMP-candidate events previously detected by CDMS were consistent with neutrons and give limits on spin-independent WIMP interactions which are >2X lower than previous CDMS results for high WIMP mass, and which exclude new parameter space for WIMPs with mass between 8-20 GeV/c^2.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Role of Interferon in the Replication of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Wild Type and Mutant Viruses in Human Ciliated Airway Epithelium

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory disease in the upper and lower airways. An in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), a useful tool for studying respiratory virus-host interactions, was used in this study to show that HPIV1 selectively infects ciliated cells within the HAE and that progeny virus is released from the apical surface with little apparent gross cytopathology. In HAE, type I interferon (IFN) is induced following infection with an HPIV1 mutant expressing defective C proteins with an F170S amino acid substitution, rHPIV1-CF170S, but not following infection with wild-type HPIV1. IFN induction coincided with a 100- to 1,000-fold reduction in virus titer, supporting the hypothesis that the HPIV1 C proteins are critical for the inhibition of the innate immune response. Two recently characterized live attenuated HPIV1 vaccine candidates expressing mutant C proteins were also evaluated in HAE. The vaccine candidates, rHPIV1-CR84G/Δ170HNT553ALY942A and rHPIV1-CR84G/Δ170HNT553ALΔ1710-11, which contain temperature-sensitive (ts) attenuating (att) and non-ts att mutations, were highly restricted in growth in HAE at permissive (32°C) and restrictive (37°C) temperatures. The viruses grew slightly better at 37°C than at 32°C, and rHPIV1-CR84G/Δ170HNT553ALY942A was less attenuated than rHPIV1-CR84G/Δ170HNT553ALΔ1710-11. The level of replication in HAE correlated with that previously observed for African green monkeys, suggesting that the HAE model has potential as a tool for the preclinical evaluation of HPIV1 vaccines, although how these in vitro data will correlate with vaccine virus replication in seronegative human subjects remains to be seen

A Standardised Procedure for Evaluating Creative Systems: Computational Creativity Evaluation Based on What it is to be Creative

Computational creativity is a flourishing research area, with a variety of creative systems being produced and developed. Creativity evaluation has not kept pace with system development with an evident lack of systematic evaluation of the creativity of these systems in the literature. This is partially due to difficulties in defining what it means for a computer to be creative; indeed, there is no consensus on this for human creativity, let alone its computational equivalent. This paper proposes a Standardised Procedure for Evaluating Creative Systems (SPECS). SPECS is a three-step process: stating what it means for a particular computational system to be creative, deriving and performing tests based on these statements. To assist this process, the paper offers a collection of key components of creativity, identified empirically from discussions of human and computational creativity. Using this approach, the SPECS methodology is demonstrated through a comparative case study evaluating computational creativity systems that improvise music

Non-state space: The strategic ejection of dangerous and high maintenance urban space

Some commentators have characterised so-called ‘no-go’ areas as sites in which the exercise of authority is prevented. Here we suggest that many such spaces are produced by state, policing and citizen repertoires that aim to minimise the costs and risks of engaging, supporting and servicing such spaces and their populations. In this article we locate strategies of public spending, policing and political action that offer a governing logic in which neighbourhoods are essentially subtracted from the constitution of the city. During such designations the assurances of citizenship, vitality of civic institutions and presence of policing may be partially or wholly suspended. We present a framework for the identification of such strategies in which these forms of social, political and spatial exiting are described as being autotomic in nature – spaces that are ejected in order to avoid losses or further damage to the body politic of the city in ways akin to the response of certain animals that protect themselves from predation by shedding a limb or body part. This term adds force and depth to assessments of the ways in which both temporary and more sustained exits by policing, management and state servicing are designed in order to avoid responsibility over, or engagement with, spaces that are deemed a threat in order to maintain the integrity of the remaining, included city

The effect of word analysis on spelling ability; an evaluation of an experimental study on the effect of word analysis in spelling ability,

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit