Additional file 1: of Mobile Exergaming for Health—Effects of a serious game application for smartphones on physical activity and exercise adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 checklist. (DOC 121 kb

Muscle-Derived IL-6 Is Not Regulated by IL-1 during Exercise. A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Study

<div><p>Exercise increases muscle derived Interleukin–6 (IL–6) leading to insulin secretion via glucagon-like peptide–1. IL–1 antagonism improves glycemia and decreases systemic inflammation including IL–6 in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it is not known whether physiological, exercise-induced muscle-derived IL–6 is also regulated by the IL–1 system. Therefore we conducted a double blind, crossover study in 17 healthy male subjects randomized to receive either the IL–1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra (anakinra) or placebo prior to an acute treadmill exercise. Muscle activity led to a 2–3 fold increase in serum IL–6 concentrations but anakinra had no effect on this exercise-induced IL–6. Furthermore, the IL–1 responsive inflammatory markers CRP, cortisol and MCP–1 remained largely unaffected by exercise and anakinra. We conclude that the beneficial effect of muscle-induced IL–6 is not meaningfully affected by IL–1 antagonism.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01771445?term=NCT01771445&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT01771445</a></p></div

Study flowchart and CONSORT diagram.

<p>Study flowchart and CONSORT diagram.</p

Serum interleukin–1 receptor antagonist levels.

<p>Serum interleukin–1 receptor antagonist levels (pg/ml) before (-60 min.) and after (40 min.) placebo or anakinra administration. P = participant number.</p

Baseline characteristics of study participants.

<p>Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 17 subjects.</p

Plasma MCP–1 levels.

<p>Plasma MCP–1 levels before (-60 min.) and during (40 min.) exercise. Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 17 subjects. aE = after exercise.</p

Plasma glucose levels.

<p>Plasma glucose levels before (-60 min.), during (0 to 60 min.) and after (+10aE to +60aE min.) exercise. Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 17 subjects. aE = after exercise.</p

Plasma creatine kinase levels.

<p>Plasma creatine kinase levels before (-60 min.), during (60 min.) and after (+60aE min.) exercise. Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 17 subjects. aE = after exercise.</p

Plasma IL–8 levels.

<p>Plasma IL–8 levels before (-60 min.), during (0 to 60 min.) and after (+10aE to +60aE min.) exercise. Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 17subjects. aE = after exercise.</p

KC inhibition by anakinra-serum.

<p>Increase in KC concentration in supernatants of MIN6 cells exposed to IL–1β compared to solvent alone in the presence of serum from participant 6 before (-60 min.) and after (40 min.) placebo or anakinra administration. Data represent the median and interquartile range, n = 3wells/condition. KC = keratinocyte-derived chemokine.</p