16 research outputs found
The Distribution Pattern of \u3cem\u3eHalicephalobus gingivalis\u3c/em\u3e in a Horse is Suggestive of a Haematogenous Spread of the Nematode
The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs with a disseminated pattern of distribution strongly suggested a haematogenous spread of the nematode in the horse
Оптимизация работы установок электроцентробежных насосов в процессе добычи нефти на Снежном нефтегазоконденсатном месторождении (Томская область)
Объектом исследования является Снежное нефтегазоконденсатное месторождение.
Цель работы – изучить оптимизацию работы установок электроцентробежных насосов в процессе добычи нефти на Снежном нефтегазоконденсатном месторождении.
В процессе работы были рассмотрены причины отказов в работе установок электроцентробежных насосов, выполнен статистический анализ отказов в работе скважин, оборудованных УЭЦН, показавший, что большая доля причин проведения подземных ремонтов (до 15%) связана с рассогласованием гидравлических характеристик центробежного насоса и пласта.The object of research is the Snezhnoye oil and gas condensate field.
The purpose of the work is to study the optimization of the operation of electric centrifugal pump installations in the process of oil production at the Snezhnoye oil and gas condensate field.
During the work, the reasons for failures in the operation of electric centrifugal pump installations were considered, a statistical analysis of failures in the operation of wells equipped with ESP was performed, which showed that a large share of the reasons for underground repairs (up to 15%) is associated with a mismatch in the hydraulic characteristics of the centrifugal pump and the formation
Phenotypic and molecular insights into CASK-related disorders in males
Background: Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked CASK gene cause progressive microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH) and severe intellectual disability (ID) in females. Different CASK mutations have also been reported in males. The associated phenotypes range from nonsyndromic ID to Ohtahara syndrome with cerebellar hypoplasia. However, the phenotypic spectrum in males has not been systematically evaluated to date. Methods: We identified a CASK alteration in 8 novel unrelated male patients by targeted Sanger sequencing, copy number analysis (MLPA and/or FISH) and array CGH. CASK transcripts were investigated by RT-PCR followed by sequencing. Immunoblotting was used to detect CASK protein in patient-derived cells. The clinical phenotype and natural history of the 8 patients and 28 CASK-mutation positive males reported previously were reviewed and correlated with available molecular data. Results: CASK alterations include one nonsense mutation, one 5-bp deletion, one mutation of the start codon, and five partial gene deletions and duplications; seven were de novo, including three somatic mosaicisms, and one was familial. In three subjects, specific mRNA junction fragments indicated in tandem duplication of CASK exons disrupting the integrity of the gene. The 5-bp deletion resulted in multiple aberrant CASK mRNAs. In fibroblasts from patients with a CASK loss-of-function mutation, no CASK protein could be detected. Individuals who are mosaic for a severe CASK mutation or carry a hypomorphic mutation still showed detectable amount of protein. Conclusions: Based on eight novel patients and all CASK-mutation positive males reported previously three phenotypic groups can be distinguished that represent a clinical continuum: (i) MICPCH with severe epileptic encephalopathy caused by hemizygous loss-of-function mutations, (ii) MICPCH associated with inactivating alterations in the mosaic state or a partly penetrant mutation, and (iii) syndromic/nonsyndromic mild to severe ID with or without nystagmus caused by CASK missense and splice mutations that leave the CASK protein intact but likely alter its function or reduce the amount of normal protein. Our findings facilitate focused testing of the CASK gene and interpreting sequence variants identified by next-generation sequencing in cases with a phenotype resembling either of the three groups
The impact of single and pairwise Toll-like receptor activation on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells to respond to
pathogen- and host-derived molecules. The central nervous system (CNS)
exhibits most of the TLRs identified with predominant expression in microglia,
the major immune cells of the brain. Although individual TLRs have been shown
to contribute to CNS disorders, the consequences of multiple activated TLRs on
the brain are unclear. We therefore systematically investigated and compared
the impact of sole and pairwise TLR activation on CNS inflammation and injury.
Methods Selected TLRs expressed in microglia and neurons were stimulated with
their specific TLR ligands in varying combinations. Cell cultures were then
analyzed by immunocytochemistry, FlowCytomix, and ELISA. To determine neuronal
injury and neuroinflammation in vivo, C57BL/6J mice were injected
intrathecally with TLR agonists. Subsequently, brain sections were analyzed by
quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Simultaneous
stimulation of TLR4 plus TLR2, TLR4 plus TLR9, and TLR2 plus TLR9 in microglia
by their respective specific ligands results in an increased inflammatory
response compared to activation of the respective single TLR in vitro. In
contrast, additional activation of TLR7 suppresses the inflammatory response
mediated by the respective ligands for TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9 up to 24 h,
indicating that specific combinations of activated TLRs individually modulate
the inflammatory response. Accordingly, the composition of the inflammatory
response pattern generated by microglia varies depending on the identity and
combination of the activated TLRs engaged. Likewise, neuronal injury occurs in
response to activation of only selected TLRs and TLR combinations in vitro.
Activation of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in the brain by intrathecal injection
of the respective TLR ligand into C57BL/6J mice leads to specific expression
patterns of distinct TLR mRNAs in the brain and causes influx of leukocytes
and inflammatory mediators into the cerebrospinal fluid to a variable extent.
Also, the intensity of the inflammatory response and neurodegenerative effects
differs according to the respective activated TLR and TLR combinations used in
vivo. Conclusions Sole and pairwise activation of TLRs modifies the pattern
and extent of inflammation and neurodegeneration in the CNS, thereby enabling
innate immunity to take account of the CNS diseases’ diversity
The distribution pattern of <i>Halicephalobus gingivalis</i> in a horse is suggestive of a haematogenous spread of the nematode
The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs with a disseminated pattern of distribution strongly suggested a haematogenous spread of the nematode in the horse