Emergency Craniotomy and Burr-Hole Trephination in a Low-Resource Setting: Capacity Building at a Regional Hospital in Cambodia

To evaluate the teaching effect of a trauma training program in emergency cranial neurosurgery in Cambodia on surgical outcomes for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We analyzed the data of TBI patients who received emergency burr-hole trephination or craniotomy from a prospective, descriptive cohort study at the Military Region 5 Hospital between January 2015 and December 2016. TBI patients who underwent emergency cranial neurosurgery were primarily young men, with acute epidural hematoma (EDH) and acute subdural hematoma (SDH) as the most common diagnoses and with long transfer delay. The incidence of favorable outcomes three months after chronic intracranial hematoma, acute SDH, acute EDH, and acute intracerebral hematoma were 96.28%, 89.2%, 93%, and 97.1%, respectively. Severe traumatic brain injury was associated with long-term unfavorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale of 1–3) (OR = 23.9, 95% CI: 3.1–184.4). Surgical outcomes at 3 months appeared acceptable. This program in emergency cranial neurosurgery was successful in the study hospital, as evidenced by the fact that the relevant surgical capacity of the regional hospital increased from zero to an acceptable level.publishedVersio

A Study on Current Forest Policy in Cambodia

Sustainable forest management is very important issue for local people and human being in the world. Every national and regional colleagues want to establish the new strategy for sustainable management in their forest. Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) also has a same idea. Cambodia have faced political troubles and the Civil War since mid－1970s. 2～3 millions people were killed in the Civil War era. RGC has lost many important infrastructure, institutions and manufactural facilities at that time. People are very poor and 85% of them live in local area as household of farmers. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the Cambodian is only 260 US＄ in 1999. Natural resources, especially forest resources, is the most important goods for revitalizing and rehabilitation of national economy. Concession system for forest exploitation in Cambodia have started 1994, and covered around seven (7) million hectares of forests in three years time. RGC has understood soon that she failed to collect big revenue through royalty from concessionaires. IIIegal felling, over cutting, illegal exporting, corruputions of officials, military groups\u27 violence and such have carried out at the concessions and their neighbor areas. RGC could not stopped such rampant violence by 1998. The donated countries to RGC, NGO, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank assisted to reduce such violence and to enforce making new strategy for ,sustainable forest rnanagement. During around five years from 1994 to 1998, RGC has lost millions cubic meter of forest resources and several hundreds of million US dollars for royalty income. RGC changed the policy on forest management in around 1998, she strictly stopped the illegal cutting and corruption of officials, and promote to establish community forestry project with FAO, NGO and special countries. The community forestry program was encouraged since at the World Forest Congress in 1987. The ideology of its is the fotest for people. The project teams of community forestry in Cambodia is likely to joint local people and scattered national forests in/next to their villages. The new community forestry projects have not supported stable Cambodian law yet. Therefore they will be soon faced with rules which how do they manage the forests and who has what kinds of resources, and such. At any rate, it is very good matters for local people to be able to use the forests inside/next to villages. We want also to assist to develop the community forestry and establish new strategy on concession management system by the RGC.カンボジアには，東南アジアに数少なくなった自然のままの森林が多く賦存している．それを守り，有効に活用することは，カンボジア国民ばかりではなく世界の人々にとっても有意義なことである．しかし，カンボジアにおけるConcession方式の森林開発は，違法伐採や賄賂政府高官の徽などによって，正常に機能せず，森林の減少・劣化をもたらすとともに，域内の住民の生活に悪い影響を与えている．こうした問題を解決するために，カンボジア政府は法制度を整備する必要があるものの，現在のところ，ようやく動き出したところで，有効な解決策を実行するに至っていない．Community　Forestry政策はConcession方式に対置される政策であり，広く世界各地で採用されている．しかし，カンボジアではようやくその政策が始まったばかりであり，一定の広がりを見つつあるものの，法的・制度的整備が遅れており，旧政策を大転換させる力にはなっていない，当面は多数の集落とその周辺に点在している国有林をコミュニティ・ベースで結びつけることである．それが全国に広がることは，地域住民の自給経済を最低の線で支える役割を担うことになろう．当面，カンボジアにおけるCommunity　Forestryは，そうした形で展開すると予測されるが，一層の発展を期待するものである

A third species of the rare ant genus Rotastruma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Cambodia, with illustrated generic diagnoses and key to species

The myrmicine genus Rotastruma is a rarely collected arboreal ant group and only two species, R. recava Bolton and R. stenoceps Bolton, are known from the Oriental Region. A new species, R. epispina sp. nov., is described from Cambodia based on the worker and queen castes. The new species is distinguished from R. recava and R. stenoceps by having the propodeal spine directed upwards and elongated peduncle of the petiole. Herein, we provide an update to the identification key and diagnostic characters for the genus Rotastruma

Discovery of a new phragmotic species of the ant genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Cambodia

Several phragmotic species in the ant genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 with a cephalic shield are known from the Old World, but species with an anteriorly truncated head seem to be unknown until now. A new species, resembling the phragmotic workers of the ant genus Colobopsis, is here described as Carebara colobopsis Hosoishi & Yamane, sp. nov., based on major and minor worker found in Cambodia. This new species is similar to Carebara acutispina (Xu) and C. obtusidenta (Xu) in some important characters, but distinguished from the latter two by distinct metanotum and deep groove in front of metanotal disc in the major worker, and longer head and deep metanotal groove in the minor worker. This is the first confirmed record of a truncated phragmotic head in the major worker of the genus Carebara. We propose the Carebara acutispina species group to include all the three species, present a diagnosis of this group, and provide a key to species based on the major and minor worker castes

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Dalbergia oliveri

The first complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequence of Dalbergia oliveri was determined from Illumina HiSeq pair-end sequencing data in this study. The cpDNA is 156,750 bp in length, contains a large single copy region (LSC) of 156,750 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 19,510 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR) regions of 25,687 bp. The genome contains 127 genes, including 82 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content of the whole genome is 35.9%, and the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 33.4%, 28.8%, and 42.8%, respectively. Further phylogenomic analysis showed that D. oliveri and other species of Dalbergia genus clustered in a unique clade in Dalbergieae with Fabaceae family