Antioxidant activity test on ambonese banana stem sap (Musa parasidiaca var. sapientum)

Background: Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) release oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) during inflammation. As a result, ROS level is higher than antioxidant level in our body during oxidative stress leading to prolong inflammation or continuous tissue damage. Indonesia, on the other hand, is a country with various herbal medicines. For instance, ambonese banana (Musa parasidiaca var. sapientum) is often used as herbal medicine. Ambonese banana, moreover, has flavonoid, polyphenol, tannin, and saponin as antioxidants to reduce free radicals by transferring their hydrogen atom. Medicine used to reduce the impact of free radicals is known as antioxidant. Antioxidant is proved to accelerate wound healing. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effects of the antioxidant activity of Ambonese banana stem sap extract. Method: Antioxidant activities in this research were examined with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazyl (DPPH) method by reacting with stable radical compounds. Spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 517 nm was used to measure absorption results shown in purple. The absorption results then were calculated by IC50 reduction activity. Result: There were significant differences of Ambonese banana stem sap antioxidant activity (p50%). Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem sap extract has antioxidant activities

Fibroblast Cell Viability Effectiveness between the Highlands and Lowlands Coconut Water (Cocos Nucifera L.)

Tooth avulsion is a tooth that completely detached from its socket. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences of the effectiveness of coconut water in the dwarf variety from highlands and lowlands on fibroblast cell viability. Coconut water from each habitat was picked randomly. Samples were divided into five groups. Group 1 was the media control, group 2 was the cell control, group 3 was HBSS, group 4 was the coconut water from highlands, and group 5 was the coconut water from lowlands. To determine the BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability after 4 hours of submerging, MTT assay was used. The absorbance was read by ELISA reader with wavelength 620nm. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA with α=0.05. There are significant differences in each group. Coconut water from highlands has cell viability percentage of 8%, while the coconut water from lowlands has 54%. Based on the CD50% parameter, coconut water from the lowlands is more effective than coconut water from the highlands. The coconut water in the dwarf variety from the lowlands is more effective than the coconut water from the highlands towards BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability for 4 hours

The MMP-2, MMP-9 Expression and Collagen Density of the Ambonese Banana Stem Sap Administration on Wound Healing

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) will degrade of the extracellular matrix and proteins, including collagen, elastin, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It affects the BMP in the process of differentiation and new bone tissue remodeling. Ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum) have potency to accelerate wound healing throught platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) signaling. The research was conducted to prove the role of ambonese banana stem sap gel (GEGPA) on the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression affected to collagen density of tooth extraction wound healing. This study used 24 male wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: one is a control without being treated, and the other one is a group GEGPA dose 60 mg in 4% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. All groups were examined for the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and collagen density in alveolar socket areas on day 7 and 14. The results showed there were significant differences in the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and collagen density in the alveolar socket healing between day 7 and 14 (p=0.00 and p=0.00). There was a strong correlation p=0.963 between the inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9 and the increasing of collagen density. It is concluded that GEGPA increases collagen density on wound healing of tooth extraction through inhibition MMP-2 and MMP-9

FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast in the incised wounds of Rattus norvegicus rats induced with Mauli banana (Musa acuminata) stem extract

Background: Traditional wound treatment using herbal medicine is thought to maintain the health of families and society in general economically, effectively, and efficiently without inducing side effects. One genus of plant that can be used as a traditional medicine is the Mauli banana, indigenous to South Borneo. Mauli banana stem contains bioactive compounds, most of which are tannins along with ascorbic acid, saponin, β-carotene, flavonoids, lycopene, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Tanin has antibacterial and antioxidant effects at low concentrations, as wells as antifungal ones at high concentrations. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of Mauli banana stem extract at concentrations of 25%, 37.5%, and 50% on the quality of incised wound healing in male Rattus norvegicus rats by assessing FGF-2 expression and fibroblast concentration on days 3 and 7. Methods: This research represented an experimental laboratory-based investigation involving 32 rats of the Rattus norvegicus strain aged 2-2.5 months old. Sampling was performed using a simple random sampling technique since the research population was considered homogeneous and divided into 8 treatment groups (C3, M3-25, M3-37.5, M3-50, C7, M7-25, M7-37.5, M7-50). The rats in each group were anesthetized before their back was incised with length and width of 15x15mm with a depth of 2mm. Gel hydroxy propyl cellulose medium (HPMC) was applied to the incised wound of each rat in the control group, while stem Mauli banana extract was applied to that of each rat in the treatment groups three times a day at an interval of 6-8 hours. On day 3, four rats from each group were sacrificed, while, in the remaining groups, the same procedure was performed until day 7, at which point they (8 groups) were sacrificed for HE examination in order to assess the amount of fibroblast and for IHC examination to examine FGF-2 expression. Data regarding FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast were analysed by means of One-way Anova and HSD. Results: The results showed that the Mauli banana stem extract could significantly improve the expression of FGF-2 and the amount of fibroblast cells compared to C3 and C7 groups. The highest increase in FGF-2 expression and fibroblast amount were found in all groups on days 3 and 7 treated with the Mauli banana stem extract at a concentration of 50%. Conclusion: There was an increase of FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast cells in the incision wound healing process that induced with Mauli banana stem extract

Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus Hermanii) as Growth Factors of Stem Cells

Stem cells can give a new hope to accelerate wound healing process and can also be used for the treatment of various diseases, including diseases on periodontal tissues (periodontitis) since there is still not any materials known to be able to attach wobbly teeth perfectly. Adult stem cells derived from bone marrow have widely been used nowadays. However, the number of stem cells is limited, consequently, growth factors are necessary to increase the proliferation of stem cells. Unfortunately, growth factors that have been used are still expensive and difficult to obtain. Therefore, an alternative to the use of growth factors from natural materials that can potentially accelerate wound healing process is necessary to be developed. Purpose: Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) is rich in both growth factors that can repair damaged cells and protein that reaches up to 82% of all components of the golden sea cucumbers, 80% of which is collagen. Therefore, this research aims to prove how great the potential of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) as natural growth factors on stem cells is. Method conducted aimed to analyze proliferation ability and osteogenic differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) with the provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii). Results: Based on the results of MTT assay, the provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) in cultured MSCs could enhance the proliferation of stem cells. In the provision of osteogenic induction medium, mineralization emerged in MSC culture, stained with alizarin red. The provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers on MSC can improve the proliferation ability of MSC and can also increase the ability of MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts

Gambaran histopatologi penyembuhkan luka pencabutan gigi pada makrofag dan neovaskular dengan pemberian getah batang pisang ambon

Pembekuan darah sangat penting pada proses awal penyembuhan luka. Bekuan darah akan segera diisi oleh jaringan granulasi yang berasal dari induksi faktor pertumbuhan. Ekspresi platelet derived growth factors (PDGF)-BB yang diinduksi oleh pemberian gel ekstrak getah batang pisang ambon (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) dapat menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan proliferasi fibroblas. Makrofag dan neovaskular sangat menunjang fase awal penyembuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuktikan bahwa pemberian gel ekstrak getah batang pisang ambon (GEGPA) dapat meningkatkan jumlah makrofag dan neovaskular pada penyembuhan luka soket. Tikus strain Wistar sebanyak 36 ekor digunakan pada penelitian ini yang terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Semua tikus dilakukan pencabutan gigi pada insisive kiri mandibula. Kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol, pada soket diberi gel hidroksipropil metil selulosa (HPMC) 4%, kelompok kedua diberi GEGPA 60%, dan kelompok ketiga diberi gelatin sponge. Tikus dikorbankan pada hari ke-3 dan 5 untuk pemeriksaan histopatologi neovaskular dan makrofag pada soket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna terhadap kelompok kontrol pada jumlah neovaskular dan makrofag soket pada hari ke-3 (p0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian GEGPA 60% dapat mempercepat penyembukan luka pencabutan gigi melalui peningkatan jumlah makrofag dan neovaskular

Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Batang Pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiacavar sapientum) Terhadap Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) dengan Parameter LD50

The sap of ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum) contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins which have been widely used by people in Trunyan Bali as traditional medicine on wound healing, and it has been reported as a potential wound healing after tooth extraction. The aim of this research was to determine the level of safety of using herbal medicine,ambonese banana stem extract on histopatology liver of mice with LD50 parameters. This experimental study was performed by the post test only controlled group design. The sample were 28 mice (Mus musculus) randomly divided into 4 groups. K group as control group was given aquadest. P1, P2, and P3, as treatment groups were given ambonese banana stem extract with dose 0.42g/20gbw, 2.1g/20gbw, 4.2g/20gbw. The extract was given per-oral with sonde on the first day. On day 3, the mice were terminated, and the livers were microscopically histopathological observed. The observed at 3th day, there were no deaths in every groups of mice (K, P1, P2, and P3) on the third day observation. Kruskal Wallis test showed there was not significant difference in histopathological appearance on liver ofmice(p=0.771). Itwasconcluded that themaximumsafety dose that can still be administered is 0.42g/20gbw following theLD50 parameter.Theacute toxicity test of ambonese banana stem extract did not show necrosis on liver but it showed the highest simple degeneration than all groups which were given 0.42g/20gbw dose

FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast in the incised wounds of Rattus norvegicus rats induced with Mauli banana (Musa acuminata) stem extract

Background: Traditional wound treatment using herbal medicine is thought to maintain the health of families and society in general economically, effectively, and efficiently without inducing side effects. One genus of plant that can be used as a traditional medicine is the Mauli banana, indigenous to South Borneo. Mauli banana stem contains bioactive compounds, most of which are tannins along with ascorbic acid, saponin, β-carotene, flavonoids, lycopene, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Tanin has antibacterial and antioxidant effects at low concentrations, as wells as antifungal ones at high concentrations. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of Mauli banana stem extract at concentrations of 25%, 37.5%, and 50% on the quality of incised wound healing in male Rattus norvegicus rats by assessing FGF-2 expression and fibroblast concentration on days 3 and 7. Methods: This research represented an experimental laboratory-based investigation involving 32 rats of the Rattus norvegicus strain aged 2-2.5 months old. Sampling was performed using a simple random sampling technique since the research population was considered homogeneous and divided into 8 treatment groups (C3, M3-25, M3-37.5, M3-50, C7, M7-25, M7-37.5, M7-50). The rats in each group were anesthetized before their back was incised with length and width of 15x15mm with a depth of 2mm. Gel hydroxy propyl cellulose medium (HPMC) was applied to the incised wound of each rat in the control group, while stem Mauli banana extract was applied to that of each rat in the treatment groups three times a day at an interval of 6-8 hours. On day 3, four rats from each group were sacrificed, while, in the remaining groups, the same procedure was performed until day 7, at which point they (8 groups) were sacrificed for HE examination in order to assess the amount of fibroblast and for IHC examination to examine FGF-2 expression. Data regarding FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast were analysed by means of One-way Anova and HSD. Results: The results showed that the Mauli banana stem extract could significantly improve the expression of FGF-2 and the amount of fibroblast cells compared to C3 and C7 groups. The highest increase in FGF-2 expression and fibroblast amount were found in all groups on days 3 and 7 treated with the Mauli banana stem extract at a concentration of 50%. Conclusion: There was an increase of FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast cells in the incision wound healing process that induced with Mauli banana stem extract

Antibacterial Activity of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L. )against Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis

The aim of this study was to find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) toward the growth of A.actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The randomized post test only control group design was applied to this study. The sappan wood ethanol extract was conducted with maceration method using 96% ethanol. Diluted to 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39% concentration. The MIC and MBC values of sappan wood ethanol extract toward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was then known via the evaluation for Colony Forming Units (CFUs) In MH medium. The MIC and MBC of sappan wood ethanol extract toward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was at 1.56% and 3.125% concentration. The ethanol extract of sappan wood reduces the number of bacterial colonies significantly at p=0.00. This study concluded that the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis can be inhibited by sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) at MIC 1.56% and MBC 3.125% concentration

Antibacterial effect of 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.) on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is a Gram negative bacteria that form a subgingival plaque causing periodontitis. Nowadays, many natural resources can be used as a basic ingredient of drugs. One of the resources used as an antibacterial material is cacao bean. It contains of polyphenol flavonoids, such as catechin, epicatechin, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin. Chemical compounds contained in ethanol extract and water extract are different in quantity from those in cocoa beans. Purpose: This research aimed to find out difference in antibacterial activity between the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.) on A. actinomycetemcomitans. Method: This research was an in vitro laboratory experiment. The serial dilutions was performed on the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans a concentration of 100% to 3.125%. At each concentration, the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans were added with grown bacterial suspension of A. actinomycetemcomitans. After they were incubated for 24 hours, the bacteria grown on Luria Berthani media were observed. Bacteria colonies then were measured in CFU/ml. Result: There were significant differences in bacterial colonies grown at the concentrations of 6.25% and 3.125% between the 70% ethanol extract of cacao beans and the water extract of cacao beans as p-value = 0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: 70% Ethanol beans and water extract of cacao beans have antibacterial activity against A. Actinomycetemcomitans. The concentrations of MIC and MBC extracts were 6.25% and 12.5% respectively