Quantum Optics and Photonics

Contains reports on nine research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant PHY82-10369)Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-83-K-0003)U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-82-C-0091)Litton Guidance and Control SystemNational Science Foundation (Grant PHY82-10369

Quantum Optics and Photonics

Contains reports on nine research projects.U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F49620-82-C-0091)Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-83-K-0003)National Science Foundation (Grant PHY82-10369)Litton Guidance and Control Syste

Graft-versus-host disease in recipients of male unrelated donor compared with parous female sibling donor transplants

Optimal donor selection is critical for successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Donor sex and parity are well-established risk factors for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), with male donors typically associated with lower rates of GVHD. Well-matched unrelated donors (URDs) have also been associated with increased risks of GVHD as compared with matched sibling donors. These observations raise the question of whether male URDs would lead to more (or less) favorable transplant outcomes as compared with parous female sibling donors. We used the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research registry to complete a retrospective cohort study in adults with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome, who underwent T-cell replete HCT from these 2 donor types (parous female sibling or male URD) between 2000 and 2012. Primary outcomes included grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD (aGVHD), chronic GVHD (cGVHD), and overall survival. Secondary outcomes included disease-free survival, transplant-related mortality, and relapse. In 2813 recipients, patients receiving male URD transplants (n = 1921) had 1.6 times higher risk of grade 2 to 4 aGVHD (P \u3c .0001). For cGVHD, recipient sex was a significant factor, so donor/recipient pairs were evaluated. Female recipients of male URD grafts had a higher risk of cGVHD than those receiving parous female sibling grafts (relative risk [RR] = 1.43, P \u3c .0001), whereas male recipients had similar rates of cGVHD regardless of donor type (RR = 1.09, P = .23). Donor type did not significantly affect any other end point. We conclude that when available, parous female siblings are preferred over male URDs

Improved survival after acute graft-

A cute graft- versus -host disease remains a major threat to a successful outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. While improvements in treatment and supportive care have occurred, it is unknown whether these advances have resulted in improved outcome specifically among those diagnosed with acute graft- versus -host disease. We examined outcome following diagnosis of grade II-IV acute graft- versus -host disease according to time period, and explored effects according to original graft- versus -host disease prophylaxis regimen and maximum overall grade of acute graft- versus -host disease. Between 1999 and 2012, 2,905 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (56%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (30%) or myelodysplastic syndromes (14%) received a sibling (24%) or unrelated donor (76%) blood (66%) or marrow (34%) transplant and developed grade II-IV acute graft- versus -host disease (n=497 for 1999-2001, n=962 for 2002-2005, n=1,446 for 2006-2010). The median (range) follow-up was 144 (4-174), 97 (4-147) and 60 (8-99) months for 1999-2001, 2002-2005, and 2006-2010, respectively. Among the cohort with grade II-IV acute graft- versus -host disease, there was a decrease in the proportion of grade III-IV disease over time with 56%, 47%, and 37% for 1999-2001, 2002-2005, and 2006-2012, respectively ( P <0.001). Considering the total study population, univariate analysis demonstrated significant improvements in overall survival and treatment-related mortality over time, and deaths from organ failure and infection declined. On multivariate analysis, significant improvements in overall survival ( P =0.003) and treatment-related mortality ( P =0.008) were only noted among those originally treated with tacrolimus-based graft- versus -host disease prophylaxis, and these effects were most apparent among those with overall grade II acute graft- versus -host disease. In conclusion, survival has improved over time for tacrolimus-treated transplant recipients with acute graft- versus -host disease

Comparative analysis of calcineurin-inhibitor-based methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil-containing regimens for prevention of Graft-versus-Host Disease after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation

The combination of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) such as tacrolimus (TAC) or cyclosporine (CYSP) with methotrexate (MTX) or with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been commonly used for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT), but there are limited data comparing efficacy of the 2 regimens. We evaluated 1564 adult patients who underwent RIC alloHCT for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) from 2000 to 2013 using HLA-identical sibling (matched related donor [MRD]) or unrelated donor (URD) peripheral blood graft and received CYSP or TAC with MTX or MMF for GVHD prophylaxis. Primary outcomes of the study were acute and chronic GVHD and overall survival (OS). The study divided the patient population into 4 cohorts based on regimen: MMF-TAC, MMF-CYSP, MTX-TAC, and MTX-CYSP. In the URD group, MMF-CYSP was associated with increased risk of grade II to IV acute GVHD (relative risk [RR], 1.78; P < .001) and grade III to IV acute GVHD (RR, 1.93; P = .006) compared with MTX-TAC. In the URD group, use of MMF-TAC (versus MTX-TAC) lead to higher nonrelapse mortality. (hazard ratio, 1.48; P = .008). In either group, no there was no difference in chronic GVHD, disease-free survival, and OS among the GVHD prophylaxis regimens. For RIC alloHCT using MRD, there are no differences in outcomes based on GVHD prophylaxis. However, with URD RIC alloHCT, MMF-CYSP was inferior to MTX-based regimens for acute GVHD prevention, but all the regimens were equivalent in terms of chronic GVHD and OS. Prospective studies, targeting URD recipients are needed to confirm these results

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Process Implementation for the System Evaluation of new Low-Noise STOL Transportation Concepts

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) has initiated the project Quiet Short Take-Off and Landing (QSTOL) to set up a multidisciplinary analysis process for new low-noise STOL transportation concepts. The process chain consists of expert tools from various DLR institutes and their partners which are harmonized in input and output data. Involved disciplines are aircraft design, engine cycle modeling, flight mechanics, air traffic integration, and noise prediction. The influence of aircraft design modifications on flight performance/operational procedures, ground noise impact, and air traffic intergration can be evaluated. Obviously, these diciplines are highly correlated and need to be integrated into one multidisciplinary process. The implementation of this new process along with first applications are addressed in this paper. A conventional medium-range transport aircraft is modified for QSTOL operation. Structural modifications of the airframe and a geared turbofan engine concept are investigated. The effects of these measures on ground noise impact, field performance, and air traffic integration are discussed

Influence of low-noise departure and approach procedures on low-altitude NOx emissions

An overview on low-noise departure and approach procedures is given and potential effects on noise are presented. Fuel consumption and NOx emissions of selected procedures are analysed based on simulation results for a modern single aisle aircraft and using DLR’s aircraft and engine performance software. Further results are presented for aircraft with ultra high bypass ratio engines in order to assess the potential influence of engine technology on fuel consumption and NOx emissions in the vicinity of airports

Einfluss lärmarmer An- und Abflugverfahren auf NO_X- und CO₂-Emissionen im Flughafennahbereich

Das Erreichen der ACARE Vision 2020, die eine Halbierung des CO2-Eintrages in die Atmosphäre, eine Reduzierung der NOX-Emissionen um 80% sowie eine Halbierung des Außenlärms vorsieht, stellt eine wichtige Herausforderung für die Luftfahrtindustrie dar. Einen entscheidenden Anteil an der geforderten Reduktion der Emissionen wird der Antrieb haben. Um den Treibstoffverbrauch und die Lärmemissionen von Fluggasturbinen zu reduzieren, ist das Nebenstromverhältnis in der Vergangenheit kontinuierlich erhöht worden. Mittelfristig wird sich dieser Trend fortsetzen. Dazu wird auch die Einführung neuer Konzepte wie Triebwerke mit Getriebefan oder gegenläufigem Fan beitragen. Die Reduktion des Außenlärms eines Flugzeuges hängt von Maßnahmen an Triebwerk und Flugzeugzelle, aber auch von lärmarmen An- und Abflugverfahren ab. Veränderte Flugprofile während des Starts und der Landung können den wahrgenommenen Fluglärm direkt reduzieren. Konstruktive Maßnahmen zur Lärmminderung dagegen können erst mittel- bis langfristig flächendeckend zur Lärmreduzierung beitragen, da entsprechende Technologien und Konzepte erst in einigen Jahrzehnten die weltweite Luftflotte vollständig durchdrungen haben werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen gasförmigen Emissionen und Lärmreduzierung bei unterschiedlichen lärmarmen An- und Abflugverfahren von besonderem Interesse. Außer CO2-Emissionen, die proportional zum Treibstoffverbrauch sind, stehen hier NOX-Emissionen im Fokus. Neben ihrem Einfluss auf die Chemie der Atmosphäre sind diese durch ihren negativen Einfluss auf die lokale Luftqualität und damit verbundene Gesundheitsaspekte von besonderer Bedeutung im Flughafennahbereich. In dieser Studie soll der Einfluss unterschiedlicher lärmarmer An- und Abflugverfahren auf bodennahe Schadstoff-Emissionen von Flugtriebwerken untersucht werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ergänzt damit die Erkenntnisse aus dem Verbundprojekt Lärmoptimierte An- und Abflugverfahren (LAnAb) um Untersuchungen zu CO2- und NOX-Emissionen. Hierzu wird zunächst ein Überblick über entsprechende Flugverfahren wie z.B. Varianten des Continuous Descend Approach (CDA) und von Steilabflügen gegeben und ihr Einfluss auf die Lärmemissionen präsentiert. Anschließend werden aktuelle und zukünftige Triebwerksarchitekturen vorgestellt, die bei der Untersuchung berücksichtigt werden. Hierbei handelt es sich neben herkömmlichen Fluggasturbinen und evolutionär weiterentwickelten Varianten auch um neue Ultra High Bypass (UHB) Konfigurationen. Diese werden zum Beispiel durch den Einsatz von Getriebefans ermöglicht. Die CO2- und NOX-Emissionen dieser Triebwerke im Flughafennahbereich werden mit Hilfe eines Flugleistungsprogramms berechnet. Dieses Programm kann detaillierte Flugbahnen für unterschiedliche An- und Abflugverfahren simulieren und ist an ein thermodynamisches Triebwerkssyntheseprogramm gekoppelt, um die Verbrauchs- und Emissionscharakteristik bei unterschiedlichen Flugzuständen zu berücksichtigen

Aero-Engine Technology to cope with ACARE Goals

To investigate, whether further developments in aero engine technology have the potential to achieve the ACARE 2020 targets, a study on the possible improvements of different technology advances has been performed. The study focuses on engine improvements, but since the ACARE targets are formulated for the air transport system as a whole, improved aircraft on realistic flight missions are also taken into account. The results show that the isolated ACARE target of 50% fuel consumption reduction per passenger kilometre does not seem unachievable, but 1) significant research effort is still needed and 2) it seems much more challenging to achieve all of the ACARE targets at once