An analysis of urban travel and the spatial structure of urban activities.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of City and Regional Planning. Thesis. 1966. Ph.D.Bibliography: leaves 237-241.Ph.D

Informal Helping Networks and Social Service Changes: A Community Perspective

Interviews with 112 household respondents and 58 social service agency directors in three ethnically and racially distinct Chicago neighborhoods provided a comprehensive assessment of -- household helping relationships in a community context. Reliance on informal helping greatly exceeded use of formal agencies at the household level. Households were twice as likely to give help as receive it in a complex variety of ways, while agencies struggled to add new functional programs in a time of retrenchment. What households gave and got did not overlap with agency programs in any coherent way. Further, household respondents and agency directors disagreed in their perceptions of community needs. Households wanted employment and general city services, while agency officials emphasized human services. In effect, efforts to tie formal and informal helping relationships together at a community scale will have to respect the complexity and reciprocity of informal helping by reformulating how the needy are identified, emphasizing reciprocity versus expertise in helping and expanding what presently count as program needs to include a wider range of services

Predicting verdicts using pre-trial attitudes and standard of proof

Purpose: Several measures have been developed of juror pre‐trial attitudes and interpretations of beyond reasonable doubt (BRD). These have been primarily tested in North American samples. We aimed to integrate the literature on these two issues, and explored whether the effect of jurors' pre‐trial attitudes on verdicts is mediated by their interpretations of BRD. We also aimed to establish the relative predictive utility of the various measures and their relevance to a non–North American sample. Methods: A total of 113 members of the jury‐eligible British public completed three measures of juror pre‐trial attitudes (i.e., Revised Legal Attitudes Questionnaire‐23 [RLAQ‐23], Juror Bias Scale [JBS], and Pre‐trial Juror Attitudes Questionnaire [PJAQ]) and two measures of BRD (i.e., direct rating [DR] and membership function [MF] methods). Participants also rendered a verdict on a hypothetical burglary case. Results: With the exception of the RLAQ‐23, the pre‐trial attitude measures and the two measures of BRD were significantly independent predictors of verdicts. The PJAQ outperformed the RLAQ‐23 and JBS, whereas the MF method outperformed the DR method. We found support for a partial mediation model predicting verdicts, whereby interpretations of BRD (measured by the MF method) partially mediated the effect of pre‐trial juror attitudes (measured by the PJAQ) on verdicts. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of examining both juror pre‐trial attitudes and interpretations of BRD when studying juror decision making