EVALUASI POTENSI OBJEK DAN DAYA TARIK WISATA ALAM KOTA AMBON

Abstrak : Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki sumber daya ang sangat kaya akan potensi alam dan budayanya. Salah satu pulau yang terdapat di Indonesia adalah Pulau Ambon yang terletak di Indonesia Bagian Timur. Pulau ini terkenal dengan panggilan ”Ambon Manise”. Namun ketika konflik sosial berkecamuk di wilayah ini pada tahun 1999, Ambon Manise mulai surut dari pendengaran dan lebih jauh lagi, mulai tidak diperhatikan sebagai daerah tujuan wisata nasional. Padahal secara alam dan budaya, Ambon memiliki daya tarik yang sangat luar biasa terutama bagi pariwisata. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi objek dan daya tarik wisata (ODTW) alam yang terdapat di Kota Ambon. Hasil dari kajian ini adalah peringkat di masing-masing objek tersebut dan kemudian mengelempokannya kedalam satuan kawasan wisata (SKW). Penilaian ODTW ini didasarkan pada karakteristik daya tarik, aksesibilitas, fasilitas dan dampak yang ditimbulkan di masing-masing ODTW. Kata Kunci : Objek dan Daya Tarik Wisata (ODTW), Penilaian ODTW, Satuan Kawasan Wisat

A Judd illusion in far-aiming: evidence of a contribution to action by vision for perception

The present study addresses the role of vision for perception in determining the location of a target in far-aiming. Participants (N = 12) slid a disk toward a distant target embedded in illusory Judd figures. Additionally, in a perception task, participants indicated when a moving pointer reached the midpoint of the Judd figures. The number of hits, the number of misses to the left and to the right of the target, the sliding error (in mm) and perceptual judgment error (in mm) served as dependent variables. Results showed an illusory bias in sliding, the magnitude of which was comparable to the bias in the perception of target location. The determination of target location in far-aiming is thus based on relative metrics. We argue that vision for perception sets the boundary constraints for action and that within these constraints vision for action autonomously controls movement execution, but alternative accounts are discussed as well

Effects of fatigue of plantarflexors on control and performance in vertical jumping

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the effects of a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties on performance in vertical jumping. METHODS: Six subjects performed maximum-effort vertical squat jumps before (REF) and after the plantarflexors of the right leg had been fatigued (FAT) while kinematic data, ground reaction forces, and EMG of leg muscles were collected. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate the net work at joints, and EMG was rectified and smoothed to obtain the smoothed rectified EMG (SREMG). The jumps of the subjects were also simulated with a musculoskeletal model comprising seven body segments and 12 Hill-type muscles, and having as only input muscle stimulation. RESULTS: Jump height was approximately 6 cm less in FAT jumps than in REF jumps. In FAT jumps, peak SREMG level was reduced by more than 35% in the right plantarflexors and by approximately 20% in the right hamstrings but not in any other muscles. In FAT jumps, the net joint work was reduced not only at the right ankle (by 70%) but also at the right hip (by 40%). Because the right hip was not spanned by fatigued muscles and the reduction in SREMG of the right hamstrings was relatively small, this indicated that the reduction in performance was partly due to a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties. The differences between REF and FAT jumps of the subjects were confirmed and explained by the simulation model. Reoptimization of control for the FAT model caused performance to be partly restored by approximately 2.5 cm. CONCLUSION: The reduction in performance in FAT jumps was partly due to a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties. © 2011 The American College of Sports Medicine

Effects of fatigue of plantarflexors on control and performance in vertical jumping

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the effects of a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties on performance in vertical jumping. METHODS: Six subjects performed maximum-effort vertical squat jumps before (REF) and after the plantarflexors of the right leg had been fatigued (FAT) while kinematic data, ground reaction forces, and EMG of leg muscles were collected. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate the net work at joints, and EMG was rectified and smoothed to obtain the smoothed rectified EMG (SREMG). The jumps of the subjects were also simulated with a musculoskeletal model comprising seven body segments and 12 Hill-type muscles, and having as only input muscle stimulation. RESULTS: Jump height was approximately 6 cm less in FAT jumps than in REF jumps. In FAT jumps, peak SREMG level was reduced by more than 35% in the right plantarflexors and by approximately 20% in the right hamstrings but not in any other muscles. In FAT jumps, the net joint work was reduced not only at the right ankle (by 70%) but also at the right hip (by 40%). Because the right hip was not spanned by fatigued muscles and the reduction in SREMG of the right hamstrings was relatively small, this indicated that the reduction in performance was partly due to a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties. The differences between REF and FAT jumps of the subjects were confirmed and explained by the simulation model. Reoptimization of control for the FAT model caused performance to be partly restored by approximately 2.5 cm. CONCLUSION: The reduction in performance in FAT jumps was partly due to a mismatch between control and musculoskeletal properties

Het oog van de meester: Hoe staat het met de perceptuele bekwaamheid van vakleerkrachten in het bewegingsonderwijs?

Het belang van bewegen en sport wordt zo breed gedragen dat het nog moeilijk voorstelbaar is dat het ooit omstreden was. Ook de stelling dat een leven lang bewegen en sporten begint bij de jeugd leidt niet meer tot gefronste wenkbrauwen. Illustratief is het Nationaal Sportakkoord, waar Van jongs af aan vaardig in bewegen een van de belangrijkste ambities is. Daar komt best veel bij kijken. Dit artikel zoomt in op een belangrijke vaardigheid": goed observeren

The effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns on motor skill development of 6- and 7-year old children in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background The closing of schools and sports clubs during the COVID-19 lockdown raised questions about the possible impact on children’s motor skill development. Therefore, we compared motor skill development over a one-year period among four different cohorts of primary school children of which two experienced no lockdowns during the study period (control cohorts) and two cohorts experienced one or two lockdowns during the study period (lockdown cohorts). Methods A total of 992 children from 9 primary schools in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) participated in this study (age 5 – 7; 47.5% boys, 52.5% girls). Their motor skill competence was assessed twice, first in grade 3 (T1) and thereafter in grade 4 (T2). Children in control group 1 and lockdown group 1 were assessed a third time after two years (T3). Motor skill competence was assessed using the 4-Skills Test, which includes 4 components of motor skill: jumping force (locomotion), jumping coordination (coordination), bouncing ball (object control) and standing still (stability). Mixed factorial ANOVA’s were used to analyse our data. Results No significant differences in motor skill development over the study period between the lockdown groups and control groups (p > 0.05) were found, but a difference was found between the two lockdown groups: lockdown group 2 developed significantly better than lockdown group 1 (p = 0.008). While socioeconomic status was an effect modifier, sex and motor ability did not modify the effects of the lockdowns. Conclusions The COVID-19 lockdowns in the Netherlands did not negatively affect motor skill development of young children in our study. Due to the complexity of the factors related to the pandemic lockdowns and the dynamic systems involved in motor skill development of children, caution must be taken with drawing general conclusions. Therefore, children’s motor skill development should be closely monitored in the upcoming years and attention should be paid to individual differences

Additional file 1 of The effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns on motor skill development of 6- and 7-year old children in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study

Additional file 1: Appendix Figure S1. The development of motor lead in years in boys and girls from T1 to T2 for the four different cohorts and from T1-T2-T3 for the two follow-up cohorts (control cohort 1, lockdown cohort 1). Two-year follow-up is done in only 7 schools, which accounts for the differences observed between the samples. Appendix Figure 2. The development of motor lead in years in the four motor ability groups (quartiles) from T1 to T2 for the four different cohorts and from T1-T2-T3 for the two follow-up cohorts (control cohort 1, lockdown cohort 1). Two-year follow-up is done in only 7 schools, which accounts for the differences observed between the samples. Appendix Table 1. Multiple Comparisons with Bonferroni correction between the four cohorts on the difference between motor lead on T1 and T2. Appendix Table 2. Analysis on the role of sex in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 and T2 between the 4 cohorts. Appendix Table 3. Analysis on the role of SES in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 and T2 between the 4 cohorts. Appendix Table 4. Analysis on the role of motor ability in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 to T2 between the 4 cohorts. Appendix Table 5. Means and standard deviations of motor lead (in years) for T1, T2 and T3 in the two cohorts. Appendix Table 6. Analysis on the role of sex in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 to T3 between the 2 cohorts. Appendix Table 7. Analysis on the role of motor ability in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 to T3 between the 2 cohorts. Appendix Table 8. Analysis on the role of SES in the difference in motor lead (in years) development from T1 to T3 between the 2 cohorts