37 research outputs found
Liver and kidney concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium and lead in cats
Background In order to provide new knowledge on the storage of strontium (Sr),
barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium
(Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) in the feline organism, we
measured the concentrations of these elements in the liver, renal cortex and
renal medulla, evaluating also the impact of age, sex or the occurrence of a
chronic kidney disease (CKD). The element concentrations in the tissues of 47
cats (22 male; 25 female; aged between 2 months and 18 years) were measured
using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Cu, Zn and Mn were
the highest in the liver, followed by the renal cortex and the renal medulla.
The Cd concentrations were lower in the renal medulla compared to the renal
cortex and the liver, and Sr was higher in the renal medulla compared to the
liver. The Se concentrations in the cortex of the kidneys were higher than in
the medulla of the kidneys and in the liver. Higher Cd concentrations were
measured in the renal cortex of female cats, while no further gender-related
differences were observed. Except for Cr, Sb and Se, age-dependencies were
detected for the storage of all elements. The occurrence of a CKD also
affected the storage of the elements, with lower concentrations of Ba (renal
medulla), Zn (renal cortex; renal medulla) and Mn (liver; renal medulla), but
higher Cd concentrations (liver; renal cortex) in diseased cats. Conclusions
In conclusion, the present results provide new information on the accumulation
of specific elements in the feline liver and kidneys, demonstrating a
dependency on age and an impaired kidney function, but not on the sex of the
animals
Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium, and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age, gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease
This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr),
barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium
(Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal
cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with
age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50
dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn,
and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal
medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal
cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female
dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd
(liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal
medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-
dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the
canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD.
In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of
specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important
reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations
Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium and lead in the equine liver and kidneys
The concentrations of specific elements in the equine liver and kidneys are of
practical relevance since horses are not only food-producing animals, but also
partially serve as an indicator for the environmental pollution, as the basic
feed includes plants like grass, grain and fruits. In this study, the
concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc
(Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and lead
(Pb) were measured in the liver, renal cortex and renal medulla of 21 horses
(8 male; 13 female; aged between 5 months-28 years), using inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry. Comparable Cu and Zn concentrations were detected in
the liver and renal cortex, while approximately 50% lower concentrations were
measured in the renal medulla. The lowest Sr, Cd and Se, but the highest Mn,
Sb and Pb concentrations were measured in the liver. The Ba concentrations
were comparable in the renal cortex and medulla, but lower in the liver of the
horses. Gender-related differences were observed for Cd, Mn and Cr, with
higher Cd concentrations in the liver, but lower Mn concentrations in the
renal cortex and lower Cr concentrations in the renal medulla of female
horses. Age-related differences were detected for most measured elements,
however, the animal number per age-group was only low. In conclusion, the
present study provides important reference data for the storage of Sr, Ba, Cd,
Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Sb, Se and Pb in the liver and kidneys of horses, which are of
practical relevance for an evaluation of the exposure of horses to these
elements, either via feed or the environment
Concentrations of strontium, barium, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, antimony, selenium and lead in the equine liver and kidneys
The concentrations of specific elements in the equine liver and kidneys are of
practical relevance since horses are not only food-producing animals, but also
partially serve as an indicator for the environmental pollution, as the basic
feed includes plants like grass, grain and fruits. In this study, the
concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc
(Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se) and lead
(Pb) were measured in the liver, renal cortex and renal medulla of 21 horses
(8 male; 13 female; aged between 5 months-28 years), using inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry. Comparable Cu and Zn concentrations were detected in
the liver and renal cortex, while approximately 50% lower concentrations were
measured in the renal medulla. The lowest Sr, Cd and Se, but the highest Mn,
Sb and Pb concentrations were measured in the liver. The Ba concentrations
were comparable in the renal cortex and medulla, but lower in the liver of the
horses. Gender-related differences were observed for Cd, Mn and Cr, with
higher Cd concentrations in the liver, but lower Mn concentrations in the
renal cortex and lower Cr concentrations in the renal medulla of female
horses. Age-related differences were detected for most measured elements,
however, the animal number per age-group was only low. In conclusion, the
present study provides important reference data for the storage of Sr, Ba, Cd,
Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Sb, Se and Pb in the liver and kidneys of horses, which are of
practical relevance for an evaluation of the exposure of horses to these
elements, either via feed or the environment
Cause and Effect Analysis between Influencing Factors Related to Environmental Conditions, Hunting and Handling Practices and the Initial Microbial Load of Game Carcasses
Environmental, hunting and handling factors affect the microbial load of hunted game and the resulting meat products. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of several factors on the initial microbial load (IML) of game carcasses during the early hunting chain. Eviscerated roe deer body cavities (n = 24) were investigated in terms of total viable count and the levels of Pseudomonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, a risk analysis based on the obtained original IML data, literature search and a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was performed. The IML could be explained in a regression model by factors including the higher body weight (BW), damaged gastrointestinal tract by the shot, ambient temperature or rain. The levels of Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.0472), Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.0070) and E. coli (p = 0.0015) were lower on the belly flap surface when gloves were used during evisceration. The literature search revealed that studies examining influencing factors (IF) on the IML of game carcasses found contradictory effects of the comparable IF on IML. Potential handling failures may lead to a higher IML of game carcasses during the early hunting chain ranked by FMEA. Several handling practices for game carcasses are recommended, such as ensuring efficient cooling of heavier BW carcasses to limit bacterial growth or eviscerating heavier carcasses before lighter ones
Absorption, Distribution, and Milk Secretion of the Perfluoroalkyl Acids PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA by Dairy Cows Fed Naturally Contaminated Feed
The
transfer of the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) perfluorobutanesulfonate
(PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonate
(PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from feed into tissue and milk
of dairy cows was investigated. Holstein cows (<i>n</i> =
6) were fed a PFAA-contaminated feed for 28 days. After the PFAA-feeding
period, three cows were slaughtered while the others were fed PFAA-free
feed for another 21 days (depuration period). For PFAA analysis plasma,
liver, kidney, and muscle tissue, urine, and milk were sampled and
analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The average daily intake of dairy
cows was 3.4 ± 0.7, 4.6 ± 1.0, 7.6 ± 3.7 and 2.0 ±
1.2 μg/kg body weight (bw) for PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA,
respectively. Overall, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA showed different
kinetics in dairy cows. In plasma, concentrations of PFBS (mean =
1.2 ± 0.8 μg/L) and PFOA (mean = 8.5 ± 5.7 μg/L)
were low, whereas PFHxS and PFOS continuously increased during the
PFAA-feeding period up to maximal concentrations of 419 ± 172
and 1903 ± 525 μg/L, respectively. PFOS in plasma remained
constantly high during the depuration period. PFOS levels were highest
in liver, followed by kidney, without significant differences between
feeding periods. The highest PFHxS levels were detected in liver and
kidney of cows slaughtered on day 29 (61 ± 24 and 98 ± 31
μg/kg wet weight (ww)). The lowest PFAA levels were detected
in muscle tissue. At the end of the feeding study, cumulative secretion
in milk was determined for PFOS (14 ± 3.6%) and PFHxS (2.5 ±
0.2%). The other two chemicals were barely secreted into milk: PFBS
(0.01 ± 0.02%) and PFOA (0.1 ± 0.06%). Overall, the kinetics
of PFOA were similar to those of PFBS and substantially differed from
those of PFHxS and PFOS. The very low concentration of PFBS in plasma
and milk, the relatively high urinary excretion, and only traces of
PFBS in liver (0.3 ± 0.3 μg/kg ww) and kidney (1.0 ±
0.3 μg/kg ww) support the conclusion that PFBS does not accumulate
in the body of dairy cows
Toxicokinetics of Seven Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonic and Carboxylic Acids in Pigs Fed a Contaminated Diet
The transfer of a mixture of perfluoroalkyl
acids (PFAAs) from
contaminated feed into the edible tissues of 24 fattening pigs was
investigated. Four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic (PFSAs) and three perfluoroalkyl
carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were quantifiable in feed, plasma, edible
tissues, and urine. As percentages of unexcreted PFAA, the substances
accumulated in plasma (up to 51%), fat, and muscle tissues (collectively,
meat 40–49%), liver (under 7%), and kidney (under 2%) for most
substances. An exception was perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS),
with lower affinity for plasma (23%) and higher for liver (35%). A
toxicokinetic model is developed to quantify the absorption, distribution,
and excretion of PFAAs and to calculate elimination half-lives. Perfluorohexanoic
acid (PFHxA), a PFCA, had the shortest half-life at 4.1 days. PFSAs
are eliminated more slowly (e.g., half-life of 634 days for PFOS).
PFAAs in pigs exhibit longer elimination half-lives than in most organisms
reported in the literature, but still shorter than in humans