DIVERGÊNCIA GENÉTICA ENTRE HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO EM CONDIÇÕES DE DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA

Na obtenção de cultivares adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas de uma determinada região ou estresse específico, é importante que as diferenças entre os cultivares estejam sob controle genético. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar a divergência genética entre híbridos experimentais de milho (Zea mays) quanto à resistência a condições de seca. Para tal, realizou-se um ensaio em ambiente protegido no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 28 x 2, em que 28 híbridos experimentais de milho, oriundos do Programa de melhoramento da UFT, foram avaliados em duas condições hídricas (a 20% e a 80% da CC) utilizando metodologia adaptada do lisímetro. Decorridos 20 dias da emergência, foram avaliadas 15 características. Na análise de divergência genética, empregou-se o método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e o método hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo, utilizando a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) como medida de dissimilaridade e o critério de Singh para quantificar a contribuição relativa das características na divergência. As medidas de dissimilaridade genética, estimadas pela distância de Mahalanobis, apresentaram magnitudes de 1,64 a 40,54 no ambiente 20% CC, e de 1,52 a 43,46 no ambiente 80% CC, indicando a presença de variabilidade genética na população. Com isso, sugere-se a combinação dos híbridos 6 e 10 no ambiente 20% CC, e entre 1 e 17 no ambiente 80% CC para a obtenção de híbridos com maior efeito heterótico

ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF BRAZILIAN POPCORN CULTIVARS THROUGH TWO CLASSIFICATION METHODS

A study was carried out in order to estimate the adaptability and stability of thepopcorn cultivars submitted to different environmental conditions. The simulated environments were the different sowing times in September, October, November and December, under theedaphoclimatic conditions of the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. So, eight assayswere installed at the Coimbra Experimental Station pertaining to the Universidade Federal deViçosa, during the agricultural years 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. The treatments consisted ofthe cultivars IAC 112, RS 20, and Zélia, and the Beija-flor, Branco, CMS 42, CMS 43,Rosa-claro, and Viçosa populations. The randomized block experimental design was usedwith four replicates. The plots consisted of four 4m-length rows. The spacing among rowswere 0.9 m, whereas the final stand was 45,000 plants ha-1. The adaptability and stability of thekernel productivity (kg ha-1) and the popping expansion capacity of the popcorn cultivars wereobtained by methods based on linear regression and non parametric. The general average ofthe kernel productivity was 2740 kg ha-1, while the most productive cultivars were CMS 43(3430 kg ha-1), CMS 42 (3045 kg ha-1) and IAC 112 (3045 kg ha-1). The general average ofthe popping expansion capacity was 17.5, and the cultivars showing the highest averages wereIAC 112 with 24, RS 20 with 22 and Zélia with 24. For productivity, the cultivars with morestability were CMS 43, CMS 42, IAC 112 and, Rosa-claro. For popping expansion capacity,the cultivars with more stability were Zélia, IAC 112, RS 20 and, Beija-flor. The cv. IAC 112showed stability to productivity and popping expansion capacity. The following conclusionswere drawn: the cultivars differed for adaptability and stability of the kernel productivity andthe popping expansion capacity as well; the adaptability and stability of the kernel productivityand the popping expansion capacity showed no concordance to each cultivar; the poppingexpansion capacity was more sensitive to unfavorable alterations in the environment than kernelproductivity; and IAC 112 exhibited the best association between the kernel productivity andpopping expansion capacity

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de milho- pipoca por meio de dois métodos de classificação

Estimou-se a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares de milho-pipoca, utilizando dois métodos de classificação, quando submetida a diferentes condições ambientais. A simulação de ambiente foi realizada por meio das épocas de semeadura, em setembro, outubro, novembro e dezembro, nas condições edafoclimáticas da Região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Para isso, foram instalados oito ensaios, nos anos agrícolas de 1998/1999 e 1999/2000, na Estação Experimental de Coimbra, MG, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Os tratamentos foram as cultivares melhoradas IAC 112, RS 20 e Zélia e as populações Beija-Flor, Branco, CMS 42, CMS 43, Rosa-Claro e Viçosa. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de quatro fileiras de quatro metros lineares aproveitadas. O espaçamento entre fileiras foi de 0,9 metro e o estande final de 45.000 plantas ha -1 . A adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade de grãos e capacidade de expansão foram obtidas por um método baseado na regressão linear e outro não-paramétrico. O rendimento de grãos apresentou a média geral de 2.740 kg ha -1 e as cultivares mais produtivas foram CMS 43 (3.430 kg ha -1 ), CMS 42 (3.045 kg ha -1 ) e IAC 112 (3.045 kg ha -1 ). A capacidade de expansão apresentou média geral de 17,5 e as cultivares com as maiores médias foram IAC 112, com 24, RS 20, com 22 e Zélia, com 24. Os métodos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade de Ebehart e Russell, e Lin e Binns, identificaram, em relação à produtividade, as cultivares com maior estabilidade: CMS 43, CMS 42, IAC 112 e Rosa-claro. Para a CE, pelos dois métodos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, identificaram como as cultivares mais estáveis, tanto para ambientes favoráveis quanto desfavoráveis, Zélia, IAC 112, RS 20 e Beija-flor. A cultivar IAC 112 foi a única que apresentou estabilidade para as duas características simultaneamente. Concluiu-se que as cultivares diferem quanto à adaptabilidade e estabilidade de rendimento de grãos e capacidade de expansão; a capacidade de expansão é mais sensível às alterações desfavoráveis do ambiente do que o rendimento de grãos; a cultivar IAC 112 apresenta os melhores rendimentos de grãos e capacidade de expansão; os dois métodos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade são eficientes e semelhantes para classificar as cultivares e o melhoramento das populações locais deve priorizar o aumento da CE em relação às demais características agronômicas.A study was carried out in order to estimate the adaptability and stability of the popcorn cultivars submitted to different environmental conditions. The simulated environments were the different sowing times in September, October, November and December, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. So, eight assays were installed at the Coimbra Experimental Station pertaining to the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, during the agricultural years 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. The treatments consisted of the cultivars IAC 112, RS 20, and Zélia, and the Beija-flor, Branco, CMS 42, CMS 43, Rosa-claro, and Viçosa populations. The randomized block experimental design was used with four replicates. The plots consisted of four 4m-length rows. The spacing among rows were 0.9 m, whereas the final stand was 45,000 plants ha -1 . The adaptability and stability of the kernel productivity (kg ha -1 ) and the popping expansion capacity of the popcorn cultivars were obtained by methods based on linear regression and non parametric. The general average of the kernel productivity was 2740 kg ha -1 , while the most productive cultivars were CMS 43 (3430 kg ha -1 ), CMS 42 (3045 kg ha -1 ) and IAC 112 (3045 kg ha -1 ). The general average of the popping expansion capacity was 17.5, and the cultivars showing the highest averages were IAC 112 with 24, RS 20 with 22 and Zélia with 24. For productivity, the cultivars with more stability were CMS 43, CMS 42, IAC 112 and, Rosa-claro. For popping expansion capacity, the cultivars with more stability were Zélia, IAC 112, RS 20 and, Beija-flor. The cv. IAC 112 showed stability to productivity and popping expansion capacity. The following conclusions were drawn: the cultivars differed for adaptability and stability of the kernel productivity and the popping expansion capacity as well; the adaptability and stability of the kernel productivity and the popping expansion capacity showed no concordance to each cultivar; the popping expansion capacity was more sensitive to unfavorable alterations in the environment than kernel productivity; and IAC 112 exhibited the best association between the kernel productivity and popping expansion capacity

DIVERGÊNCIA GENÉTICA ENTRE HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO EM CONDIÇÕES DE DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA

Na obtenção de cultivares adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas de uma determinada região ou estresse específico, é importante que as diferenças entre os cultivares estejam sob controle genético. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar a divergência genética entre híbridos experimentais de milho (Zea mays) quanto à resistência a condições de seca. Para tal, realizou-se um ensaio em ambiente protegido no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 28 x 2, em que 28 híbridos experimentais de milho, oriundos do Programa de melhoramento da UFT, foram avaliados em duas condições hídricas (a 20% e a 80% da CC) utilizando metodologia adaptada do lisímetro. Decorridos 20 dias da emergência, foram avaliadas 15 características. Na análise de divergência genética, empregou-se o método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e o método hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo, utilizando a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) como medida de dissimilaridade e o critério de Singh para quantificar a contribuição relativa das características na divergência. As medidas de dissimilaridade genética, estimadas pela distância de Mahalanobis, apresentaram magnitudes de 1,64 a 40,54 no ambiente 20% CC, e de 1,52 a 43,46 no ambiente 80% CC, indicando a presença de variabilidade genética na população. Com isso, sugere-se a combinação dos híbridos 6 e 10 no ambiente 20% CC, e entre 1 e 17 no ambiente 80% CC para a obtenção de híbridos com maior efeito heterótico

Germination and Initial Growth Performance of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) in Different Substrates

Seed germination is considered the crucial phase in the establishment and development of plants. Knowledge about the appropriate conditions for seed germination is of fundamental importance, mainly due to the influence and different responses that they can present depending on several factors such as seed viability, light, water, oxygen, temperature, and substrate, among others. Therefore, the main objective of the work was to evaluate the germination and the initial development of the A. macrocarpa in the function of different substrates. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, where six different substrates were used in four replications. The treatments consisted of S1 (Commercial Substrate); S2 (Washed Sand); S3 (Commercial Substrate 50% + Vermiculite 50%); S4 (Commercial substrate 50% + Rice straw 25% + Pine bark powder 25%); S5 (Black Soil); S6 (Black Soil 75% + Sawdust 25%). The evaluated characteristics were germination percentage (%), emergence speed index, shoot and root length (cm), shoot and root fresh mass (gram), and shoot and root dry mass (gram). The use of commercial substrate + vermiculite stood out for most of the analyzed characteristics, being germination (78.57%), aerial part fresh mass (0.1187g), root fresh mass (0.0263g), aerial part dry mass (0.0689g) and root dry mass (0.0149g). The lowest averages observed for all characteristics were with the use of black soil substrate

Viability and Vigor of Annona squamosa, L. Seeds in Different Substrates

The Annona squamosa belongs to the Annonaceae family and is native to Tropical Americas and the West Indies. Its fruit can be consumed fresh, but it is also used in various foods such as purees, ice creams, mousses, yogurts, and traditional juices. For this reason, its economic relevance in Brazil has been significant, driven by the growing demand in the consumer market. The production of quality seedlings depends on various factors, with substrate composition being of great importance. The germination of seeds, root initiation, and rooting are directly linked to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the substrate. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Tocantins, in the city of Gurupi - TO, between March 4, 2022, and August 22, 2022. Seeds of Annona squamosa were taken from the fruit itself and sown in the following substrates: Washed sand; Commercial substrate + rice husk + chicken manure; Black soil; Black soil + coconut shell powder + commercial substrate. The substrate black soil + coconut shell powder + commercial substrate provided higher viability and vigor values in Annona squamosa seeds

Revised Approach, Conditions, and Cultivation Practices of Cicer arietinum L. in the Cerrado

Chickpeas, a nutritionally rich legume that is widely appreciated in world cuisine, require specific care for effective cultivation. Its ability to thrive in hot climates, poor soils, and well-drained soils is essential, as it makes it possible to grow crops in different regions. The ideal planting period, typically in the spring, requires attention to seed depth and spacing, as well as careful irrigation during flowering and pod formation to avoid fungal problems. Its ability to fix nitrogen is an advantage, but controlling pests and diseases such as aphids and powdery mildew is vital for ensuring a healthy harvest. The harvest, carried out after the drying of the plants, requires careful procedures for the storage of the grains, avoiding damage by fungi. Chickpea cultivation is constantly evolving, adopting modern practices to ensure efficiency and sustainability, driven by its nutritional significance and crucial presence in global cuisine, encouraging continuous improvements in production to meet growing demand. The research adopted methods based on the methodological framework outlined in the study "Factorial Experimental Design: A Brief Review"

Production of Irrigated Rice in the Second Stage of the River Formoso Project in the Brazilian Savanna Region

The information survey was carried out in the second stage of the Formoso River Project in Formoso do Araguaia - TO, in the COPERJAVA area - Mixed Cooperative Rural Valley of Javaés Ltda, located in the Brazilian savanna region. During the research period, some practices related to the production of irrigated rice were monitored, such as straw burning, soil preparation, sowing, nitrogen fertilization cover, and phytosanitary treatments to control weeds, insect pests, and diseases. Monitoring was made in the cultivated areas to observe the development of irrigated rice, and to regulate the height of the water depth in the plots and its uniformities of the water depth. Activities were developed to regulate equipment and facilities involved in rice production. These provided an increase in the knowledge acquired about the irrigated rice crop, emphasizing the need and importance of the association between the theoretical basis acquired during the course and the practice in the field

Use of Different Artificial Lighting Spectra with Leds in Indoor Production of Arugula Microgreens (Euruca sativa)

Microgreens are forms of production and consumption of plant foods in their early growth phase that add maximum efficiency to the production process. The use of this crop has been used in large urban centers, in places with low luminosity, being the main problem was the choice of an adequate source of lighting for the production of microgreen in vertical urban farms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of different sources of artificial lighting with LED in the indoor production of arugula (Euruca sativa) microgreen. Six treatments were evaluated, namely: 1. Three 50w cold white Led boards (3BF), 2. Three 50w warm white Led boards (3BQ), 3. Three 50w full spectrum Led boards (3FS), 4 Two 50w full spectrum Led boards, and one 50w cold white Led board (2FS + 1BF), 5. One 50w full spectrum Led boards, one 50w cold white Led board and one 50w warm white Led board (FS + BF + BQ), 6. For ambient lighting (Control), the parameters analyzed were Fresh weight of shoot (FWS in g) and Dry weight of shoot (DWS in g). The use of different artificial lighting sources with LEDs increased the mass production of indoor cultivation of arugula microgreens, which demonstrates greater efficiency for plant growth, with the sources (3BQ), (3BF), and (1FS + 1BF + 1BQ), showing the best result in the development of arugula microgreens, thus generating greater aerial part mass in plants