On the Modeling of Droplet Evaporation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

When a drop of water is placed on a rough surface, there are two possible extreme regimes of wetting: the one called Cassie-Baxter (CB) with air pockets trapped underneath the droplet and the one characterized by the homogeneous wetting of the surface, called the Wenzel (W) state. A way to investigate the transition between these two states is by means of evaporation experiments, in which the droplet starts in a CB state and, as its volume decreases, penetrates the surface's grooves, reaching a W state. Here we present a theoretical model based on the global interfacial energies for CB and W states that allows us to predict the thermodynamic wetting state of the droplet for a given volume and surface texture. We first analyze the influence of the surface geometric parameters on the droplet's final wetting state with constant volume, and show that it depends strongly on the surface texture. We then vary the volume of the droplet keeping fixed the geometric surface parameters to mimic evaporation and show that the drop experiences a transition from the CB to the W state when its volume reduces, as observed in experiments. To investigate the dependency of the wetting state on the initial state of the droplet, we implement a cellular Potts model in three dimensions. Simulations show a very good agreement with theory when the initial state is W, but it disagrees when the droplet is initialized in a CB state, in accordance with previous observations which show that the CB state is metastable in many cases. Both simulations and theoretical model can be modified to study other types of surface.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figure

Águas Subterrâneas em Cabo Verde - Qualidade da Água na Ilha de Santiago

Em Cabo Verde os recursos hídricos subterrâneos desempenham um papel fundamental, constituindo a principal fonte de abastecimento de água para as populações de pequenos aglomerados urbanos. O trabalho que se apresenta enquadra-se num estudo alargado de caracterização de águas subterrâneas; foi efectuado nos seis concelhos da ilha de Santiago a maior do país, em captações do tipo poço, furo e galeria destinadas ao abastecimento da população através de chafarizes e resulta de uma parceria entre o Instituto Nacional de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos de Cabo Verde (INGRH) e o Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Porto de Portugal (INSA-Porto). Com base nos dados obtidos, e no sentido de uma cooperação alargada, propõe-se a criação do Observatório de Águas Subterrâneas nos Países Africanos de expressão Portuguesa

Neuroblastoma Perinatal – Um Desafio para o Neonatologista

O neuroblastoma é o tumor maligno mais frequente no período neonatal. O diagnóstico pré-natal tem aumentado devido à qualidade da ecografia obstétrica, que permite a deteção de formações de pequenas dimensões nas glândulas suprarrenais. Apresentam-se os casos clínicos de quatro recém‑nascidos com o diagnóstico de neuroblastoma perinatal. Dois recém-nascidos apresentaram imagens quísticas pré-natais na suprarrenal, estavam assintomáticos ao nascimento e o diagnóstico foi sugerido pela vigilância imagiológica. Outro recém-nascido não apresentava alterações nas ecografias pré-natais mas, ao nascer, era evidente distensão abdominal com massa palpável, cuja avaliação imagiológica sugeriu neuroblastoma. No quarto recém- -nascido, o diagnóstico de neuroblastoma foi evocado na gravidez. Estes últimos dois recém-nascidos faleceram após início de terapêutica imediata cirúrgica e/ou quimioterapia. As imagens quísticas da suprarrenal no período perinatal constituem um desafio diagnóstico, devendo ser sempre considerada a hipótese de neuroblastoma, mesmo quando o recém-nascido está assintomático

A mixture of coal wash and fly ash as a pavement substructure material

The reuse of waste materials in engineering projects has become the subject of many research efforts worldwide as it provides economical as well as environmental benefits. Coal wash (CW) and fly ash (FA) are example waste materials that can be used as alternative aggregates in transportation infrastructure projects, specifically as base and subbase materials in roads. Class C FA has been extensively used as a stabilizing material due to its hardening potential. However, Class F fly ash, a non-pozzolanic material when used alone, has not been considered in past research projects. In this study, Class F fly ash is mixed with coal wash as a void filler to enhance its compaction efficiency and produce a compact and well interlocked structure. A laboratory testing plan is performed to assess the geotechnical properties of the mixtures with 0%, 7%, 10% and 13% FA content and it includes compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, collapse potential tests and permeability tests. The mixture with 7% FA is selected as the optimum mixture and its potential for tensile cracking under service loads is further investigated using four-point bending tests. Also, the resilient modulus and permanent deformations of the mixture are evaluated under different dry-back conditions using multistage repeated load triaxial tests

Monte Carlo simulations of 2d hard core lattice gases

Monte Carlo simulations are used to study lattice gases of particles with extended hard cores on a two dimensional square lattice. Exclusions of one and up to five nearest neighbors (NN) are considered. These can be mapped onto hard squares of varying side length, $\lambda$ (in lattice units), tilted by some angle with respect to the original lattice. In agreement with earlier studies, the 1NN exclusion undergoes a continuous order-disorder transition in the Ising universality class. Surprisingly, we find that the lattice gas with exclusions of up to second nearest neighbors (2NN) also undergoes a continuous phase transition in the Ising universality class, while the Landau-Lifshitz theory predicts that this transition should be in the universality class of the XY model with cubic anisotropy. The lattice gas of 3NN exclusions is found to undergo a discontinuous order-disorder transition, in agreement with the earlier transfer matrix calculations and the Landau-Lifshitz theory. On the other hand, the gas of 4NN exclusions once again exhibits a continuous phase transition in the Ising universality class -- contradicting the predictions of the Landau-Lifshitz theory. Finally, the lattice gas of 5NN exclusions is found to undergo a discontinuous phase transition.Comment: 13 pages, lots of figure

Sulfadiazine-selective determination in aquaculture environment: Selective potentiometric transduction by neutral or charged ionophores

Solid-contact sensors for the selective screening of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in aquaculture waters are reported. Sensor surfaces were made from PVC membranes doped with tetraphenylporphyrin-manganese(III) chloride, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, or γ-cyclodextrin ionophores that were dispersed in plasticizer. Some membranes also presented a positive or a negatively charged additive. Phorphyrin-based sensors relied on a charged carrier mechanism. They exhibited a near-Nernstian response with slopes of 52 mV decade−1 and detection limits of 3.91 × 10−5 mol L−1. The addition of cationic lipophilic compounds to the membrane originated Nernstian behaviours, with slopes ranging 59.7–62.0 mV decade−1 and wider linear ranges. Cyclodextrin-based sensors acted as neutral carriers. In general, sensors with positively charged additives showed an improved potentiometric performance when compared to those without additive. Some SDZ selective membranes displayed higher slopes and extended linear concentration ranges with an increasing amount of additive (always <100% ionophore). The sensors were independent from the pH of test solutions within 2–7. The sensors displayed fast response, always <15 s. In general, a good discriminating ability was found in real sample environment. The sensors were successfully applied to the fast screening of SDZ in real waters samples from aquaculture fish farms. The method offered the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, and automation feasibility. The sensing membrane may contribute to the development of small devices allowing in locus measurements of sulfadiazine or parent-drugs