369 research outputs found

    The Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility of Canadian

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    Our objective is to obtain an accurate estimate of the degree of intergenerational income mobility in Canada. We use income tax information on about 400,000 father-son pairs, and find intergenerational earnings elasticities to be about 0.2. Earnings mobility tends to be slightly greater than income mobility, but non- parametric techniques uncover significant non-linearities in both of these relationships. Intergenerational earnings mobilty is greater at the lower end of the income distribution than at the upper end, and displays an inverted V-shape elsewhere. Intergenerational income mobility follows roughly the same pattern, but is much lower at the top of the income distribution.Intergenerational Income Mobility, Income Distribution, Nonparametric regression

    The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession: Hysteresis and Heterogeneity in the Market for College Graduates

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    The standard neo-classical model of wage setting predicts short-term effects of temporary labor market shocks on careers and low costs of recessions for both more and less advantaged workers. In contrast, a vast range of alternative career models based on frictions in the labor market suggests that labor market shocks can have persistent effects on the entire earnings profile. This paper analyzes the long-term effects of graduating in a recession on earnings, job mobility, and employer characteristics for a large sample of Canadian college graduates with different predicted earnings using matched university-employer-employee data from 1982 to 1999, and uses its results to assess the importance of alternative career models. We find that young graduates entering the labor market in a recession suffer significant initial earnings losses that eventually fade, but after 8 to 10 years. We also document substantial heterogeneity in the costs of recessions and important effects on job mobility and employer characteristics, but small effects on time worked. These adjustment patterns are neither consistent with a neo-classical spot market nor a complete scarring effect, but could be explained by a combination of time intensive search for better employers and long-term wage contracting. All results are robust to an extensive sensitivity analysis including controls for correlated business cycle shocks after labor market entry, endogenous timing of graduation, permanent cohort differences, and selective labor force participation.

    The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession: Hysteresis and Heterogeneity in the Market for College Graduates

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    This paper analyzes the long-term effects of graduating in a recession on earnings, job mobility, and employer characteristics for a large sample of Canadian college graduates using matched university-employer-employee data from 1982 to 1999. The results are used to assess the role of job mobility and firm quality in the propagation of shocks for different groups in the labor market. We find that young graduates entering the labor market in a recession suffer significant initial earnings losses that, on average, eventually fade after 8 to 10 years. Labor market conditions at graduation affect firm quality and job mobility, which can account for 40-50% of losses and catch-up in our sample. We also document that higher skilled graduates suffer less from entry in a recession because they switch to better firms quickly. Lower skilled graduates are permanently affected by being down ranked to low-wage firms. These adjustment patterns are consistent with differential choices of intensity of search for better employers arising from comparative advantage and time-increasing search costs. All results are robust to an extensive sensitivity analysis including controls for correlated business cycle shocks after labor market entry, endogenous timing of graduation, permanent cohort differences, and selective labor force participation.job search, hysteresis, college graduates, cost of recessions

    Contracts

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    Congressional Standing to Litigate War Powers Resolution Claims

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    The Effects of Prior Exposure on Face Processing in Younger and Older Adults

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    Older adults differ from their younger counterparts in the way they view faces. We assessed whether older adults can use past experience to mitigate these typical face-processing differences; that is, we examined whether there are age-related differences in the use of memory to support current processing. Eye movements of older and younger adults were monitored as they viewed faces that varied in the type/amount of prior exposure. Prior exposure was manipulated by including famous and novel faces, and by presenting faces up to five times. We expected that older adults may have difficulty quickly establishing new representations to aid in the processing of recently presented faces, but would be able to invoke face representations that have been stored in memory long ago to aid in the processing of famous faces. Indeed, younger adults displayed effects of recent exposure with a decrease in the total fixations to the faces and a gradual increase in the proportion of fixations to the eyes. These effects of recent exposure were largely absent in older adults. In contrast, the effect of fame, revealed by a subtle increase in fixations to the inner features of famous compared to non-famous faces, was similar for younger and older adults. Our results suggest that older adults’ current processing can benefit from lifetime experience, however the full benefit of recent experience on face processing is not realized in older adults

    Transverse Magnetoresistance of GaAs/AlGaAs Heterojunctions in the Presence of Parallel Magnetic Fields

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    We have calculated the resistivity of a GaAs\slash AlGaAs heterojunction in the presence of both an in--plane magnetic field and a weak perpendicular component using a semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. These calculations take into account fully the distortion of the Fermi contour which is induced by the parallel magnetic field. The scattering of electrons is assumed to be due to remote ionized impurities. A positive magnetoresistance is found as a function of the perpendicular component, in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The main source of this effect is the strong variation of the electronic scattering rate around the Fermi contour which is associated with the variation in the mean distance of the electronic states from the remote impurities. The magnitude of the positive magnetoresistance is strongly correlated with the residual acceptor impurity density in the GaAs layer. The carrier lifetime anisotropy also leads to an observable anisotropy in the resistivity with respect to the angle between the current and the direction of the in--plane magnetic field.Comment: uuencoded file containing a 26 page RevTex file and 14 postscript figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

    Changes in Job Duration in Canada

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    La prĂ©sente recherche vient combler une lacune dans la littĂ©rature. En effet, la plupart des Ă©tudes rĂ©centes sur le sujet nĂ©gligent le problĂšme de l'estimation de la durĂ©e moyenne de l'emploi. Partant des donnĂ©es mensuelles de l'EnquĂȘte sur la population active du Canada, le prĂ©sent article Ă©tudie la façon dont la stabilitĂ© de l'emploi a variĂ© entre 1981 et 1996. Pour ce faire, (1) on examine la fluctuation de la durĂ©e complĂšte d'un nouvel emploi et (2) on analyse directement les changements subis par la fonction de survie de l'emploi. L'Ă©tude est basĂ©e sur un Ă©chantillon prĂ©levĂ© Ă  partir de l'enquĂȘte sur la population active et comprenant des travailleurs ĂągĂ©s entre 15 et 64 ans, ne retournant pas aux Ă©tudes et n'Ă©tant pas Ă©tudiant Ă  temps plein.On s'accorde gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă  dire que les emplois stables Ă  long terme sont de plus en plus rares dans les annĂ©es 90. Cette impression n'est peut-ĂȘtre pas sans fondement. Bon nombre d'analystes du marchĂ© du travail croient en effet que les employeurs adaptent leurs effectifs en fonction des fluctuations de la demande, si bien qu'on assiste Ă  une diminution de l'offre du nombre d'emplois Ă  long terme. L'Ă©vidence toutefois pointe dans une autre direction, et ce, dans toutes les industries examinĂ©es.D'aprĂšs cette Ă©tude, deux tendances se dĂ©gagent. La premiĂšre, apparue durant la pĂ©riode couvrant les annĂ©es 1981 Ă  1991, est caractĂ©risĂ©e par des emplois de courtes durĂ©es. La deuxiĂšme, qui prit son essor suivant la rĂ©cession de 1991, montre une hausse dans la probabilitĂ© qu'un emploi, une fois franchi le cap des six mois, dure 5 ans ou plus. Cette derniĂšre tendance a persistĂ©, et a Ă©ventuellement pris de l'ampleur, durant toute la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e. Les effets de ces deux tendances sont clairs: (1) une Ă©volution d'emplois Ă  moyen terme vers des emplois de courte durĂ©e entre 1981 et 1991 ; et (2) un glissement de la tendance au milieu des annĂ©es 90 vers des emplois Ă  plus long terme.Cette derniĂšre tendance affecte presque tous les sous-groupes de la population examinĂ©s. Les seules exceptions concernent les personnes qui ont plus de 55 ans au dĂ©but de l'emploi et celles qui ont un niveau de scolaritĂ© peu Ă©levĂ©, oĂč les changements dessinent une tendance plus nette vers les emplois Ă  court terme. Quoique ce rĂ©sultat nous amĂšne Ă  croire que les emplois de longue durĂ©e dĂ©tenus par les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s courent plus de risques de disparaĂźtre aujourd'hui qu'au dĂ©but des annĂ©es 80, cette tendance chez les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s ayant beaucoup plus d'anciennetĂ©, nous donne Ă  penser qu'elle pourrait largement rĂ©sulter d'une plus grande prĂ©valence des retraites anticipĂ©es. Par ailleurs, il ne semble pas que la stabilitĂ© des emplois soit en dĂ©clin dans une ou plusieurs des industries examinĂ©es. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, les tendances que nous venons de dĂ©crire sont cohĂ©rentes avec d'autres tendances qui ont vu le jour dans l'Ă©conomie. Parmi elles, on remarque notamment l'augmentation des emplois atypiques, la polarisation des gains et des heures de travail et le recours croissant des entreprises Ă  un noyau d'employĂ©s permanents. De plus, les conclusions de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude contredisent les rĂ©sultats d'Ă©tudes comparables portant sur des donnĂ©es amĂ©ricaines, mais ces travaux ne permettent pas d'examiner les changements subis par les emplois de moins de quatre ans. Cependant, il reste Ă  expliquer les facteurs Ă  l'origine des changements observĂ©s. Quoique le prĂ©sent article ne tente pas d'identifier des causes en particulier, les preuves suggĂšrent qu'on doit ces changements Ă  des facteurs qui touchent l'Ă©conomie dans son ensemble plutĂŽt qu'au seul niveau d'un secteur ou d'un groupe dĂ©mographique.Using monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey, the author investigates changes in the complete duration of new job spells from 1981 through 1996. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, investigation of the distribution of complete job lengths reveals two important changes. First, the probability that a new job would end within 6 months rose during the 1980s, but then reversed during the 1990s, meaning that there was important change over the period as a whole. Second, the conditional probability that a job that had lasted 6 months would continue on past 5 years rose through the whole period. This pattern of change was found among virtually all demographic subgroups examined, suggesting that an economy-wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.Utilizado datos del estudio mensual sobre la fuerza laboral canadiense, el autor analiza los cambios en la longevidad de los empleos durante el periodo de 1981 a 1996. Aun y cuando la longevidad mĂ©dia de todos los empleos creados durante este periodo no sufriĂČ cambios significativos, la investigaciĂČn de la distribuciĂČn de la longevidad a travĂ©s los diferentes empleos creados rĂ©vĂ©la dos situaciones de interĂ©s. Primera, la probabilidad de que un nuevo empleo acabara durante los primeros seis meses del ejercicio aumento durante la dĂ©cada de los ochenta, pero esta tendencia se vio invertida durante la dĂ©cada de los noventa de manera que la mĂ©dia se estabilizo de nuevo a los nivelĂ©s anteriores. Segunda, la aumentaciĂČn constante de la probabilidad de que un empleo que paso a travĂ©s de la barra de los seis meses, duraria mas de 5 anos y esto de manera constante durante todo el pĂ©riode Estos paramĂ©tras de variaciĂČn se encontraron a travĂ©s todos los subgrupos demogrĂ ficos examinados lo que sugiere que la respuesta a estas condiciones se encuentra en un anĂ lisis de la economĂŹa en gĂȘnerai en lugar de en un anĂ lisis sectorial

    The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s

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    In this chapter, Andrew Heisz, Andrew Jackson and Garnet Picot provide an incisive and comprehensive analysis of the distributional changes that have occurred in Canada in the 1990s as well as useful comparative perspectives both in terms of trends over time and the particular patterns that can be discerned here relative to the situation in the United States. The authors focus on four aspects of distribution outcomes: (1) earnings and income inequality; (2) the relative earnings of the young and old and the more and less educated; (3) the changing relative position of men and women; and (4) changes in low income in Canada during the 1990s.Inequality, Equality, Earnings, Income, Canada, Distribution, Low Income, Low-income, Wages

    Sicherheitsempfinden

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    In dieser Arbeit werden aktuelle Studien zur KriminalitĂ€tsentwicklung und zur KriminalprĂ€vention sowie zum Sicherheitsempfinden der Wiener Bevölkerung besprochen. Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der 2004 durchgefĂŒhrten Studie „Leben in Wien“ (LiW 04), die einer SekundĂ€ranalyse unterzogen wurde. Die Studie „LiW“ beschĂ€ftigte sich unter anderem mit dem Sicherheitsempfinden der Wiener Bevölkerung. Diese Fragen dienten als Basis fĂŒr die Analyse und wurden mit anderen sozialen Merkmalen wie Einkommen und Wohnbezirk verglichen und analysiert. Es gilt zu untersuchen ob und in welchen Zusammenhang die sozialen Merkmale ausschlaggebend sind fĂŒr das Sicherheitsempfinden der Bevölkerung. Hauptergebnis der Studie und die damit durchgefĂŒhrten Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass die Wiener und Wienerinnen sich sehr sicher fĂŒhlen in ihren Wohnbezirken. Sei es im Hinblick des subjektiven Empfindens als auch der Situationen jemals Opfer gewesen zu sein. Einzig kleine alltĂ€gliche Unsicherheiten, wie zum Beispiel unbeleuchtete Straßen, werden hĂ€ufiger genannt. Schwerere Verbrechen, wie zum Beispiel ÜberfĂ€lle oder Sexualdelikte, sind von den Befragten kaum bis gar nicht als Unsicherheitsfaktor empfunden/genannt worden. Insgesamt kann man also sagen, dass die Wiener und Wienerinnen sich sicher fĂŒhlen
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