HICOV - Newton-Raphson calculus of variation with automatic transversalities

Computer program generates trajectories that are optimum with respect to payload placed in an earth orbit. It uses a subroutine package which produces the terminal and transversality conditions and their partial derivatives. This program is written in FORTRAN 4 and FORMAC for the IBM 7094 computer

Belligerent Obligations under Article 18(1) of the Second Geneva Convention: The Impact of Sovereign Immunity, Booty of War, and the Obligation to Respect and Protect War Graves

Article 18(1) of the Second Geneva Convention requires parties to an international armed conflict, “after each engagement” and “without delay,” to “take all possible measures to search for and collect the wounded and sick, to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment, to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead and prevent their being despoiled.” This article focuses on the latter obligation: the duty to search for and collect the dead. It assesses this obligation in light of the International Committee of the Red Cross 2017 Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention, the first such commentary completed by the ICRC since 1960. After examining the language of Article 18(1), the article explores whether the sovereign immunity of sunken warships frustrates Article 18(1) obligations before turning to the concept of sunken warships as war graves and how this concept may affect efforts to search for and collect the dead. It concludes that the belligerent’s duty to search for and collect the dead extends to the remains found within sunken warships, as the sovereign immunity of sunken warships does not bar the application of Article 18(1) to belligerents since sunken warships qualify as booty of war. Regarding sunken warships as war graves, the obligation to respect these war graves would only apply after the belligerent affirmatively declares that the wreck constitutes a war grave. Until then, the belligerent parties remain bound by Article 18(1) to search for and collect the dead

Nuclear Weapons Law

This book explains in non-technical terms the law applying to the threat or use of nuclear weapons before and during an armed conflict. The rules and implications for nuclear command and control are explained, which will be relevant for politicians, lawyers, military commanders, policy staff, academics and post-graduate students. This book is also available as open access

An investigation of the influence of Trichoderma virens (hypocreales: hypocreaceae) on reticulitermes virginicus (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) feeding, with an evaluation of the use of labral morphology for identification of reticulitermes from Texas

Subterranean termites encounter numerous kinds of fungi during foraging and feeding activities. Nearly nine decades of research have exposed only a small fraction of the termitefungal interactions that exist in nature. The first portion of research presented here focused on how feeding behaviors of Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) were affected by the fungus Trichoderma virens (Miller, Giddens & Foster) von Arx. Tests were performed with 'P' (GLT+) and 'Q'(GLT-) strains of T. virens. Both strains were applied to filter paper and wood disks cut from southern yellow pine and Sentriconî monitoring devices. The first bioassay assessed the termites' feeding responses to fungal extracts removed from liquid media on days 2 through 7, and again on day 15. Only the GLT+ extracts from days 6 and 7 inhibited termite feeding significantly from the controls (16% and 54% less area loss, respectively). Response to wood covered by live T. virens mycelia was tested in the second bioassay. No significant differences in termite consumption were seen between fungal strains, but both substantially reduced the area loss due to termite feeding of treated wood by an average of 35%. A vacuum impregnation system was used to inoculate wood disks with fungal homogenate in the third bioassay. The wood treated with either GLT+ or GLT- homogenates did not have significant differences in area loss due to termite feeding. Overall, these results reiterated the plasticity that exists with termitefungal relationships. The second research topic addressed the applicability of labrum-based identification techniques to Reticulitermes Holmgren in Texas. Soldier labral morphology of four species, R. flavipes (Kollar), R. hageni (Banks), R. tibialis Banks, and R. virginicus (Banks), was evaluated as a character to separate species. Length and width measurements of five soldier labra were taken from each of the eight collection sites. These results were then judged against molecular analysis of the mtDNA 16S rRNA gene. Findings showed that labral shape was an unreliable diagnostic characteristic when comparing all species. A combination of length and length-towidth ratio successfully segregated all four Reticulitermes species. Comparison of a morphology-based dendogram to the phylogenetic analysis revealed a shared pattern between phenotypic and genotypic variations