11 research outputs found

    Making plant pathology algorithmically recognizable

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    International audienceThis article examines the construction of image recognition algorithms for the classification of plant pathology problems. Rooted in science and technology studies research on the effects of agricultural big data and agricultural algorithms, the study ethnographically examines how algorithms for the recognition of plant pathology are made. To do this, the article looks at the case of a German agtech startup developing image recognition algorithms for an app that aims to help small-scale farmers diagnose plant damages based on digital images of their symptoms. The study posits that the construction of these algorithms can be grasped as a succession of layers, at each of which the startup’s employees carry out different selection practices. It is argued that these practices gradually inscribe a selective recognition of the phenomenon of plant pathology into the algorithms of the app. This selective recognition is reflected in the fact that the emerging algorithms are effective in identifying isolated plant damages on isolated crops, while ignoring most agroecosystem-related actors and relations through which plant damages arise. The article concludes that the app’s selective recognition of plant pathology is likely to perpetuate or even exacerbate the pesticide use of its users. This is because the app’s view of plant pathology as a phenomenon comprised of isolated plant damages on isolated crops is more compatible with the use of chemical pesticides than with approaches to crop protection that strive for a more moderate use of these substances (e.g., integrated pest management, agroecology, organic agriculture)

    Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs

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    In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTØ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help “feed the world” by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTØ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the app’s response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles l’agriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourd’hui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant d’entreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent d’une popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. S’appuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine l’essor des applications agricoles et ce qu’il rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  l’agriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTØ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare qu’elle contribuera Ă  « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă  diagnostiquer et Ă  traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTØ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de l’appli Ă  la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă  savoir l’assetization de l’agtech, la construction d’algorithmes, la performance de l’expertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans l’ensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment l’argument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de l’agriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă  renforcer plutĂŽt qu’à rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles

    Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs

    No full text
    In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTØ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help “feed the world” by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTØ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the app’s response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles l’agriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourd’hui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant d’entreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent d’une popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. S’appuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine l’essor des applications agricoles et ce qu’il rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  l’agriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTØ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare qu’elle contribuera Ă  « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă  diagnostiquer et Ă  traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTØ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de l’appli Ă  la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă  savoir l’assetization de l’agtech, la construction d’algorithmes, la performance de l’expertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans l’ensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment l’argument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de l’agriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă  renforcer plutĂŽt qu’à rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles

    (Un)packing a green box - moments of infrastructural valuation at a delivery service for alternative food

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    MĂ€rkte fĂŒr alternative Lebensmittel boomen. Nichtsdestotrotz stellt die Frage was Lebensmittel heutzutage alternativ macht, öffentliche und wissenschaftliche Debatten vor anhaltende Kontroversen. WĂ€hrend ein Großteil dieser Kontroversen auf die entsprechenden Konsequenzen fĂŒr Konsument*innen abzielt, ist nur wenig darĂŒber bekannt wie Akteure, die Teil von alternativen Lebensmittelinfrastrukturen bilden, mit koexistierenden Konzeptionen von AlternativitĂ€t umgehen. Um diese Perspektive zu beleuchten, widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit einer zweiwöchigen Ethnographie in den RĂ€umlichkeiten eines Lieferdienstes fĂŒr Biokisten—einem Produkt das emblematisch fĂŒr eine zunehmende Besorgnis mit alternativen Lebensmitteln zu sein scheint. Basierend auf einer analytischen Herangehensweise, angelehnt an Infrastrukturforschung innerhalb der Science and Technology Studies (STS), und konzeptuell verankert in einer pragmatischen Betrachtung von Wert(en) als sozialen Prozessen, widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit dem PhĂ€nomen alternativer Lebensmittel als einem Objekt infrastruktureller Wertschöpfung und Bewertung. Die Arbeit zielt nicht darauf ab eine akkuratere Definition alternativer Lebensmittel zu formulieren, stattdessen veranschaulicht sie die alltĂ€glichen Wertschöpfungs- und Bewertungspraktiken von Akteuren innerhalb alternativer Lebensmittelinfrastrukturen. Durch die Herausarbeitung dieser Praktiken, problematisiert die vorliegende Arbeit die gemeinhin angenommene Dichotomie zwischen alternativen und industriellen Lebensmitteln, um im gleichen Zug neue Wege fĂŒr die Betrachtung zukĂŒnftiger Lebensmittel und Landwirtschaften anzudeuten.Markets for alternative food products are booming. Yet, in public and scholarly debates the very question of what makes food and agriculture alternative, is an ongoing source of controversy. Whereas most contemporary debates focus on the implications these controversies hold for consumers, little is known about how actors who form part of alternative food infrastructures cope with co-existing conceptions of alternativeness. In order to explore this perspective, the present thesis draws on a two-week ethnographic case study at a delivery service for Green Boxes—a product that seems emblematic for increasing concerns with alternative food. Analytically inspired by Science and Technology Studies (STS) informed research on infrastructures, and conceptually anchored in pragmatist inquiries with studying value(s) as social processes, this thesis explores the phenomenon of alternative food as an object of infrastructural valuations. It is not meant to provide a more accurate definition of alternative food, but to show how actors within alternative food infrastructures, come to assess and generate the ambivalent worth of the products they handle every day. By tracing these situated valuations, this thesis problematizes the assumed boundary between alternative and industrial food, while calling for new avenues in approaching the future of food and agriculture

    Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs

    No full text
    In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTØ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help “feed the world” by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTØ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the app’s response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles l’agriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourd’hui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant d’entreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent d’une popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. S’appuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine l’essor des applications agricoles et ce qu’il rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  l’agriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTØ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare qu’elle contribuera Ă  « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă  diagnostiquer et Ă  traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTØ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de l’appli Ă  la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă  savoir l’assetization de l’agtech, la construction d’algorithmes, la performance de l’expertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans l’ensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment l’argument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de l’agriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă  renforcer plutĂŽt qu’à rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles

    The exploratory assetization of a crop protection app

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    International audienceThis study examines how an agtech startup managed to turn a mobile app designed to diagnose plant damages and recommend treatments into an asset. Rooted in assetization research and the sociology of markets, the papertheorizes agtech startups as organizations that increasingly engage in the construction of markets for pesticidesand other inputs. Empirically, the study reconstructs the assetization of the app over a period of eight years,showing how the process gradually and quite radically transformed both the app itself and its socio-technicalcollective. More specifically, the study describes four phases constituting the analyzed segment of the assetizationprocess in question, over the course of which the app evolved from a technology for disseminatingknowledge about alternatives to chemical pesticides into a platform for brokering sales of biological andchemical pesticides on behalf of large agrochemical corporations. To make sense of this radical repositioning ofthe app vis-`a-vis chemical pesticides, the article introduces the concept of exploratory assetization—a conceptthat draws attention to the fact that the socio-technical collectives through which startup-born innovations areturned into assets are not fixed from the outset but emerge only over time through constant confrontationsbetween a given innovation and the various human and non-human actors with which the assetization processputs it in touch. The article concludes that the exploratory assetization process described in it calls into questionthe ability of venture capital-funded digital agriculture technologies to contribute to pesticide reduction in a long lasting wa

    Making plant pathology automatically recognizable

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    Comment le Covid-19 bouleverse le paysage des applis

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    International audienceLe dĂ©veloppement rapide des applications numĂ©riques durant la crise du Covid-19, l'augmentation du nombre d'utilisateurs et de donnĂ©es ou encore les questions Ă©thiques, politiques et Ă©conomiques qu'elles soulĂšvent en font un objet d'Ă©tude Ă  part entiĂšre. Trois dynamiques majeures observĂ©es dans la rencontre entre le Covid-19 et les applications illustrent l’importance de cette rĂ©flexion nĂ©cessaire : le hacking, les changements d'Ă©chelle et le tracking. L'article montre que les applications ne sont pas des dispositifs neutres qui, une fois utilisĂ©s, n'ont pas d'effets durables sur nos modes de vie. Elles changent notre façon de voir, de naviguer et de communiquer dans les espaces sociaux et elles soulĂšvent des questions sur la politique, les marchĂ©s, la justice, l'accĂšs et le pouvoir

    The divergent governance of gene editing in agriculture: a comparison of institutional reports from seven EU member states

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    International audienceHow have national institutions and committees from EU member states positioned themselves regarding the use of gene editing in agriculture? To answer this question, this article examines and compares 11 official reports and position statements from 7 European countries: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, and Sweden. The various kinds of issues that are addressed and arguments that are made in the reports are coded into large categories (innovation, risk, ethics, legislation, etc.) and are analyzed. The paper discusses the main similarities and differences in terms of how the governance of gene editing is problematized. In doing so, the paper aims to provide a useful resource to broaden debates on the future regulation of gene editing within and beyond Europe
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