13 research outputs found
Making plant pathology algorithmically recognizable
International audienceThis article examines the construction of image recognition algorithms for the classification of plant pathology problems. Rooted in science and technology studies research on the effects of agricultural big data and agricultural algorithms, the study ethnographically examines how algorithms for the recognition of plant pathology are made. To do this, the article looks at the case of a German agtech startup developing image recognition algorithms for an app that aims to help small-scale farmers diagnose plant damages based on digital images of their symptoms. The study posits that the construction of these algorithms can be grasped as a succession of layers, at each of which the startupâs employees carry out different selection practices. It is argued that these practices gradually inscribe a selective recognition of the phenomenon of plant pathology into the algorithms of the app. This selective recognition is reflected in the fact that the emerging algorithms are effective in identifying isolated plant damages on isolated crops, while ignoring most agroecosystem-related actors and relations through which plant damages arise. The article concludes that the appâs selective recognition of plant pathology is likely to perpetuate or even exacerbate the pesticide use of its users. This is because the appâs view of plant pathology as a phenomenon comprised of isolated plant damages on isolated crops is more compatible with the use of chemical pesticides than with approaches to crop protection that strive for a more moderate use of these substances (e.g., integrated pest management, agroecology, organic agriculture)
Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs
In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTĂ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help âfeed the worldâ by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTĂ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the appâs response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles lâagriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourdâhui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant dâentreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent dâune popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. Sâappuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine lâessor des applications agricoles et ce quâil rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă lâagriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTĂ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare quâelle contribuera à « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă diagnostiquer et Ă traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTĂ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de lâappli Ă la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă savoir lâassetization de lâagtech, la construction dâalgorithmes, la performance de lâexpertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans lâensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment lâargument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de lâagriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă renforcer plutĂŽt quâĂ rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles
(Un)packing a green box - moments of infrastructural valuation at a delivery service for alternative food
MĂ€rkte fĂŒr alternative Lebensmittel boomen. Nichtsdestotrotz stellt die Frage was Lebensmittel heutzutage alternativ macht, öffentliche und wissenschaftliche Debatten vor anhaltende Kontroversen. WĂ€hrend ein GroĂteil dieser Kontroversen auf die entsprechenden Konsequenzen fĂŒr Konsument*innen abzielt, ist nur wenig darĂŒber bekannt wie Akteure, die Teil von alternativen Lebensmittelinfrastrukturen bilden, mit koexistierenden Konzeptionen von AlternativitĂ€t umgehen. Um diese Perspektive zu beleuchten, widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit einer zweiwöchigen Ethnographie in den RĂ€umlichkeiten eines Lieferdienstes fĂŒr Biokistenâeinem Produkt das emblematisch fĂŒr eine zunehmende Besorgnis mit alternativen Lebensmitteln zu sein scheint. Basierend auf einer analytischen Herangehensweise, angelehnt an Infrastrukturforschung innerhalb der Science and Technology Studies (STS), und konzeptuell verankert in einer pragmatischen Betrachtung von Wert(en) als sozialen Prozessen, widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit dem PhĂ€nomen alternativer Lebensmittel als einem Objekt infrastruktureller Wertschöpfung und Bewertung. Die Arbeit zielt nicht darauf ab eine akkuratere Definition alternativer Lebensmittel zu formulieren, stattdessen veranschaulicht sie die alltĂ€glichen Wertschöpfungs- und Bewertungspraktiken von Akteuren innerhalb alternativer Lebensmittelinfrastrukturen. Durch die Herausarbeitung dieser Praktiken, problematisiert die vorliegende Arbeit die gemeinhin angenommene Dichotomie zwischen alternativen und industriellen Lebensmitteln, um im gleichen Zug neue Wege fĂŒr die Betrachtung zukĂŒnftiger Lebensmittel und Landwirtschaften anzudeuten.Markets for alternative food products are booming. Yet, in public and scholarly debates the very question of what makes food and agriculture alternative, is an ongoing source of controversy. Whereas most contemporary debates focus on the implications these controversies hold for consumers, little is known about how actors who form part of alternative food infrastructures cope with co-existing conceptions of alternativeness. In order to explore this perspective, the present thesis draws on a two-week ethnographic case study at a delivery service for Green Boxesâa product that seems emblematic for increasing concerns with alternative food. Analytically inspired by Science and Technology Studies (STS) informed research on infrastructures, and conceptually anchored in pragmatist inquiries with studying value(s) as social processes, this thesis explores the phenomenon of alternative food as an object of infrastructural valuations. It is not meant to provide a more accurate definition of alternative food, but to show how actors within alternative food infrastructures, come to assess and generate the ambivalent worth of the products they handle every day. By tracing these situated valuations, this thesis problematizes the assumed boundary between alternative and industrial food, while calling for new avenues in approaching the future of food and agriculture
Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs
In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTĂ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help âfeed the worldâ by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTĂ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the appâs response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles lâagriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourdâhui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant dâentreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent dâune popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. Sâappuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine lâessor des applications agricoles et ce quâil rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă lâagriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTĂ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare quâelle contribuera à « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă diagnostiquer et Ă traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTĂ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de lâappli Ă la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă savoir lâassetization de lâagtech, la construction dâalgorithmes, la performance de lâexpertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans lâensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment lâargument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de lâagriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă renforcer plutĂŽt quâĂ rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles
Nourrir le monde avec une appli : L'agriculture numérique, les startups et l'attrait des petits dispositifs
In light of the many crises facing agriculture today (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity), an increasing number of private companies are developing digital technologies as putative solutions, with mobile apps enjoying particular popularity. Drawing on science and technology studies, economic sociology, and agricultural sociology, this dissertation examines the rise of agriculture apps and what it says about how the tech sector addresses agriculture-related problems. The thesis undertakes an ethnographic case study of PHYTĂ, an app whose developer, an agtech startup called FLORA, claims it will help âfeed the worldâ by assisting small-scale farmers in diagnosing and treating plant damages. Empirically, the thesis reconstructs the trajectory of PHYTĂ over a nine-year period (2014-2022) and shows how the appâs response to plant pathology, and by extension food security, has changed over time. It is divided into four chapters that revolve around four problems characterizing the everyday work of the startup, namely assetizing agtech, constructing algorithms, enacting expertise, and representing users. Overall, the findings of the thesis confirm the widely accepted argument amount social science and humanities scholars that digital agriculture technologies have a tendency to reinforce rather than solve agricultural problems rooted in the past (e.g., input overuse). At the same time, the thesis expands on this literature by showing how this reinforcement emerges in everyday work practices through an interplay of mundane design decisions, economic pressures, technological demands, and material resistances of agricultural matters.Face aux nombreuses crises auxquelles lâagriculture est confrontĂ©e aujourdâhui (p. ex., changement climatique, perte de biodiversitĂ©, insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire), un nombre croissant dâentreprises privĂ©es dĂ©veloppent des technologies numĂ©riques comme solutions potentielles, dont les applications mobiles jouissent dâune popularitĂ© particuliĂšre. Sâappuyant sur les Ă©tudes des sciences et des techniques, la sociologie Ă©conomique et la sociologie agricole, cette thĂšse examine lâessor des applications agricoles et ce quâil rĂ©vĂšle sur la façon dont le secteur technologique aborde les problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă lâagriculture. La thĂšse entreprend une Ă©tude de cas ethnographique de PHYTĂ, une application dont le dĂ©veloppeur, une startup agtech appelĂ©e FLORA, dĂ©clare quâelle contribuera à « nourrir le monde » en aidant les petits agriculteurs Ă diagnostiquer et Ă traiter les dommages aux plantes. Empiriquement, la thĂšse reconstruit la trajectoire de PHYTĂ sur une pĂ©riode de neuf ans (2014-2022) et montre comment la rĂ©ponse de lâappli Ă la pathologie vĂ©gĂ©tale, et par extension Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, a changĂ© au fil du temps. Elle est divisĂ©e en quatre chapitres qui tournent autour de quatre problĂ©matiques caractĂ©risant le travail quotidien de la startup, Ă savoir lâassetization de lâagtech, la construction dâalgorithmes, la performance de lâexpertise et la reprĂ©sentation des utilisateurs. Dans lâensemble, les rĂ©sultats de la thĂšse confirment lâargument largement acceptĂ© parmi les chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines selon lequel les technologies de lâagriculture numĂ©rique ont tendance Ă renforcer plutĂŽt quâĂ rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes agricoles enracinĂ©s dans le passĂ© (p. ex., la surutilisation des intrants). En mĂȘme temps, la thĂšse approfondit cette littĂ©rature en montrant comment ce renforcement Ă©merge dans les pratiques de travail quotidiennes par une interaction de dĂ©cisions de design ordinaires, de pressions Ă©conomiques, de contraintes technologiques et des rĂ©sistances matĂ©rielles des matiĂšres agricoles
The exploratory assetization of a crop protection app
International audienceThis study examines how an agtech startup managed to turn a mobile app designed to diagnose plant damages and recommend treatments into an asset. Rooted in assetization research and the sociology of markets, the papertheorizes agtech startups as organizations that increasingly engage in the construction of markets for pesticidesand other inputs. Empirically, the study reconstructs the assetization of the app over a period of eight years,showing how the process gradually and quite radically transformed both the app itself and its socio-technicalcollective. More specifically, the study describes four phases constituting the analyzed segment of the assetizationprocess in question, over the course of which the app evolved from a technology for disseminatingknowledge about alternatives to chemical pesticides into a platform for brokering sales of biological andchemical pesticides on behalf of large agrochemical corporations. To make sense of this radical repositioning ofthe app vis-`a-vis chemical pesticides, the article introduces the concept of exploratory assetizationâa conceptthat draws attention to the fact that the socio-technical collectives through which startup-born innovations areturned into assets are not fixed from the outset but emerge only over time through constant confrontationsbetween a given innovation and the various human and non-human actors with which the assetization processputs it in touch. The article concludes that the exploratory assetization process described in it calls into questionthe ability of venture capital-funded digital agriculture technologies to contribute to pesticide reduction in a long lasting wa
Seeing like a startup: How field knowledge is produced at the site of an agricultural high-tech company
International audienc
Making plant pathology automatically recognizable
International audienc
When experts of emergency face new biological risks: Tracking the security culture of the French fire department
Interim presentation for Work package E (France) at a DEFERM consortium meetingIn this interim presentation, we ask how the French fire department establishes a security (or safety) culture in the face of biological risk. We argue that French firefightersâ security culture must be understood as a technoscientific culture and that it revolves around technoscientific artefacts (documents, masks, detection kits, etc.). In doing so, we show that French firefightersâ claim to expertise hinges on two kinds of knowledge: theoretical and written knowledge (i.e. RCH1-4 courses, the Guide national de rĂ©fĂ©rence: Risques chimiques et biologiques) as well as embodied/tacit knowledge (mastering measurement equipment, knowing how to put on and take off protective clothing, knowing how to decontaminate certain surfaces). Biological risks challenge usual claims to expertise regarding chemical and radiation risks because their temporality, spatiality, and detectability pose new problems
Comment le Covid-19 bouleverse le paysage des applis
International audienceLe dĂ©veloppement rapide des applications numĂ©riques durant la crise du Covid-19, l'augmentation du nombre d'utilisateurs et de donnĂ©es ou encore les questions Ă©thiques, politiques et Ă©conomiques qu'elles soulĂšvent en font un objet d'Ă©tude Ă part entiĂšre. Trois dynamiques majeures observĂ©es dans la rencontre entre le Covid-19 et les applications illustrent lâimportance de cette rĂ©flexion nĂ©cessaire : le hacking, les changements d'Ă©chelle et le tracking. L'article montre que les applications ne sont pas des dispositifs neutres qui, une fois utilisĂ©s, n'ont pas d'effets durables sur nos modes de vie. Elles changent notre façon de voir, de naviguer et de communiquer dans les espaces sociaux et elles soulĂšvent des questions sur la politique, les marchĂ©s, la justice, l'accĂšs et le pouvoir