Impacts of Antenatal Educational Interventions base on BASNEF Model on Mothers' Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Breast-feeding self-efficacy is defined as a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed her child. It is one of the variables affecting breastfeeding duration and consequently developmental indicators in child, which have been rarely studied. This study aimed to Impacts of antenatal educational interventions base on BASNEF Model on mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy: a Quasi-experimental study. This was a quasi-experimental study done on 100 nulliparous mothers referred to the selected clinics in Shiraz. Sampling was done by random method. The intervention was held based on BASNEF components in four educational sessions besides a session on cognitive norms, while the control group received the routine education. The mean score of breast-feeding self-efficacy was measured both before and after the intervention by Fax and Dennis questionnaire besides its correlation with child physical developmental indicators. SPSS18 was applied to analyze the data through paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square test. The mean age of participants was 23.86 ± 4.30 and 24.4 ± 4.18 in BASNEF and control groups, respectively. After the intervention, there was a significant difference in the mean score of self-efficacy in the intervention group compared to the control group (p <0/001). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between breast-feeding self-efficacy and infants' weight at the age of 3 months besides height at the age of 1 and 3 months (p<0.05). BASNEF based breastfeeding training was related to the rise in breastfeeding self-efficacy in nulliparous pregnant women and subsequently improvement of children's physical growth indicators

Prevention of Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Section: Preload with Crystalloids or Hydroxyethyl Starch

Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section avoids maternal and fetal side effects. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of prehydration with crystalloid and prehydration with Hydroxyethyl starch on maternal blood pressure and neonatal outcome during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. We enrolled 72 full term women weighting between 50 and 85 Kg, classified as ASA I, scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Participants were randomly allocated equally to one of crystalloid or Hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) groups. After arrival in the operating room and intravenous (IV) access, 500 ml of ringer solution was infused within 10-15 min before the initiation of the spinal block in the crystalloid group, but in the Voluven group, 500 ml of 6% Hydroxyethyl starch solution was infused to the patients. Hypotension occurred in 47.2% of patients in crystalloid group and 25% of patients in Voluven  group and the statistical difference between two groups was meaningful.(P = 0.008). The incidence of nausea was %41.6 (15 patients) in crystalloid group vs %22.2 (8 patients) in Voluven group. Apgar scores in newborns in both groups were above 8. As conclusion, prophylactic prehydration with Hydroxyethyl starch was more effective than prehydration with crystalloid in the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section

Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on practice of post natal exercises among mothers who have undergone lower segment cesarean section

Background: To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on practice of post natal exercises among mothers who have undergone Lower segment cesarean section (L.S.C.S) in selected hospital at Bangalore.Methods: compare the practice scores of postnatal exercises among LSCS mothers between control group and experimental group.Results: Results shows that in post test the control group had inadequate practice score with a mean of 16.33%, standard deviation of 9.44 and mean percentage of 19.60 % where as in post test the experimental group there was a significant mean practice score gain of 39.84 % and standard deviation of 12.58 and mean percentage 79.67 % with a differences of 60.07 %.Conclusions: Significant difference was found between control and experimental group practice score of mothers in all areas of post natal exercises

COVID-19: Preliminary Clinical Guidelines for Ophthalmology Practices

The zoonotic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recently appeared as a global health threat that can cause severe respiratory infection and terminal respiratory distress. By the first week of April, more than 1.3 million people had been globally infected and more than 70,000 had lost their lives to this contagious virus. Clinical manifestations occur shortly after exposure, or a few days later. There is controversy regarding the transmission of the virus through the tear and conjunctiva; however, there are reports that the ocular surface might be a potential target for COVID-19. The ease of transmission of this virus at close proximity presents a risk to eyecare workers. Several recommendations have been issued by local and national organizations to address the issue of safe ophthalmic practice during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. These guidelines have numerous similarities; however, subtle differences exist. The purpose of this paper was to discuss measures, with a specific focus on standard precautions, to prevent further dissemination of COVID-19 at Eye Clinics. We have proposed procedures to triage suspected cases of COVID-19, considering emergency conditions.Photo Courtesy of Majid Moshirfar, MD FACS

Acidity Constants Determination of Triazine Dye Derivative in the presence of some Surfactants by Multiwavelength Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric

In this work, acidity constants protonated form of 4.4'-bis astilbene-2,2'-disulfonic-disodium salts (TRIAZ) have been determined spectrophotometrically and spectrofluorimetrically at 25◦C and ionic strength of 0.1M KNO3. A program based on MCR-ALS applied for determination of acidity constants. The results show that the peak values of dye are influenced by the presence of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100 (TX-100) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surface-active agent on the acidic and basic forms, and the spectral properties of dye were studied. Also, we determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for these surfactants by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric triazine dye probes. In addition, by using of evolving factor analysis (EFA) and multivariate curve resolution alternative least squares (MCR-ALS) methods, acidity constants were acquired

Microbiological Profile of Corneal Ulcers at a Tertiary Referral Center

The aim of this study was to describe patient demographics, microbiological profile, and antibiotic susceptibility of corneal ulcer at a tertiary referral center to improve and optimize diagnosis and treatment of this potentially blinding entity and to reduce antibiotic misuse. Detailed external and slit-lamp bio-microscopic examination of 123 consecutive patients with suspected corneal ulcer was performed at an ophthalmology clinic. Corneal scraping was carried out under slit-lamp bio-microscopy. The obtained material was inoculated on culture media and smeared on a slide for Gram's staining for morphological identification of bacteria and fungus. For samples that developed colony in culture media, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. In a significant percentage of patients (72%) neither bacterial agents nor fungi were the cause of corneal ulcer. Of the 34 culture-proven corneal ulcers, in 79% of the cases, bacteria were detected while in 21% of cases, fungi were found. Of the 27 bacterial corneal ulcers, the majority were (67%) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, of which 50% were Streptococcus pneumoniae, and in the Gram-negative bacterial corneal ulcers, most of the cases (44%) were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the antibiotic susceptibility report, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were resistant to Cotrimoxazole (TS), Streptococcus pneumoniae to Erythromycin (E), Staphylococcus aureus to Peniciline (PG), Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ceftriaxone (CRO) and Nitrofurantoin (NI), and finally, Escherichia coli to Gentamicin (GM). In conclusion, in a significant number of the patients neither bacterial agents nor fungi were offending microorganisms and bacteria were the most common agent of microbiological corneal ulcer, found in 79% of culture-proven corneal ulcers, followed by fungus, found in 21% of culture-proven corneal ulcers

Microbiological Profile of Corneal Ulcers at a Tertiary Referral Center

The aim of this study was to describe patient demographics, microbiological profile, and antibiotic susceptibility of corneal ulcer at a tertiary referral center to improve and optimize diagnosis and treatment of this potentially blinding entity and to reduce antibiotic misuse. Detailed external and slit-lamp bio-microscopic examination of 123 consecutive patients with suspected corneal ulcer was performed at an ophthalmology clinic. Corneal scraping was carried out under slit-lamp bio-microscopy. The obtained material was inoculated on culture media and smeared on a slide for Gram's staining for morphological identification of bacteria and fungus. For samples that developed colony in culture media, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. In a significant percentage of patients (72%) neither bacterial agents nor fungi were the cause of corneal ulcer. Of the 34 culture-proven corneal ulcers, in 79% of the cases, bacteria were detected while in 21% of cases, fungi were found. Of the 27 bacterial corneal ulcers, the majority were (67%) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, of which 50% were Streptococcus pneumoniae, and in the Gram-negative bacterial corneal ulcers, most of the cases (44%) were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the antibiotic susceptibility report, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were resistant to Cotrimoxazole (TS), Streptococcus pneumoniae to Erythromycin (E), Staphylococcus aureus to Peniciline (PG), Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ceftriaxone (CRO) and Nitrofurantoin (NI), and finally, Escherichia coli to Gentamicin (GM). In conclusion, in a significant number of the patients neither bacterial agents nor fungi were offending microorganisms and bacteria were the most common agent of microbiological corneal ulcer, found in 79% of culture-proven corneal ulcers, followed by fungus, found in 21% of culture-proven corneal ulcers

A Case Report of Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of the Neuraxis: An Incidental Finding After a Car Accident

Calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuraxis are rare, poorly understood lesions that can occur anywhere in the central nervous system without any age or sex predilection. Their pathogenesis is still controversial. Patients can present with various symptoms due to lesion location and only few cases have been discovered incidentally. We present a 25-year-old male referred to our hospital after a car accident. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging was done because of the patient's head trauma and a calcified intracranial lesion was found and excised surgically. Pathologic evaluation of the specimen was consistent with the diagnosis of calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis

A Study of the Relationships between the Family Performance and Ego Identity Status with Academic Achievement in Students

ABSTRACT One of the most important problems which challenge researchers and educational programmers is understanding factors which affect academic performance and the role of family and development-identity factors. The present study aims at examining the relationships between the family functioning and disorders and the ego identity status and academic functioning. The sample consists of 250 student selected using random sampling among high school students. The instruments employed in this study include the ego identity questionnaire and the family assessment device. Data were analyzed using a Pearson correlation test and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings showed a significant correlation between family functioning and identity status. Disorders in the functions of family are positively correlated with premature and confused identity. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between disorders in the performance of family with academic functioning, forming identification, and successful identification. Regression model revealed that the relationship, problem solving, general performance of the family, premature identity and successful interpersonal identity are determining factors of academic functioning. The findings of this study have implications for educational programmers, consultants, and psychologists in understanding factors affecting the academic functioning and in developing plans which fit these factors