17 research outputs found
Sciences cognitives et traditions d’enseignement oral de la musique classique indienne
La musique classique indienne est l’une des plus anciennes traditions musicales au monde et c’est une tradition orale. Plusieurs techniques et mĂ©thodes d’enseignement lui sont spĂ©cifiques, notamment la tradition d’enseignement maĂ®tre-Ă©lève (Guru-Shishya Parampara), qui a toujours Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©e comme un Ă©lĂ©ment crucial de cet enseignement depuis ses origines Ă l’ère vĂ©dique (environ 5 000 ans av. J.-C.). Le guru joue un rĂ´le majeur en transmettant non seulement son savoir technique sur le sujet, mais Ă©galement ce qui constitue l’essence mĂŞme de la musique classique indienne, Ă savoir sa dimension spirituelle. Des travaux de recherche plus systĂ©matiques sur cette tradition musicale et ses mĂ©thodes d’enseignement spĂ©cifiques pourraient permettre d’éclairer d’un jour nouveau la comprĂ©hension de ses bĂ©nĂ©fices globaux dans une perspective psychosociale et neuroscientifique.Indian classical music (ICM) is one of the oldest musical traditions. It is an oral tradition. Various techniques and methods are unique to this oral method of teaching and the Guru–Shishya (teacher–student) tradition of teaching has been considered crucial since its origins in the Vedic era (c.5000 BC). The Guru plays the key role in passing on not just the technical knowledge of the subject but the true essence of ICM – spirituality. Systematic research on ICM and its unique methods of teaching can shed new light on understanding its overall benefits from a psychological and neuroscientific perspective.La mĂşsica clásica india es una de las más antiguas tradiciones musicales en el mundo y es una tradiciĂłn oral. Varias tĂ©cnicas y mĂ©todos de enseñanza son especĂficos de Ă©sta, especialmente la tradiciĂłn de enseñanza maestro-discĂpulo (Guru-Shishya Parampara), que siempre ha sido considerada como un elemento crucial de esta enseñanza desde sus orĂgenes en la era vĂ©dica (alrededor de 5000 antes de Cristo). El GurĂş desempeña un papel mayor al transmitir no sĂłlo su saber tĂ©cnico sobre el tema, sino tambiĂ©n lo que constituye la esencia misma de la mĂşsica clásica india, a saber su dimensiĂłn espiritual. Unos trabajos de investigaciĂłn más sistemáticos sobre esta tradiciĂłn musical y sus mĂ©todos de enseñanza especĂficas permitirĂan echar nueva luz sobre la comprensiĂłn de sus beneficios globales en una perspectiva psicosocial y neurocientĂfica
Anti-Colonial Strategies in Cross-cultural Music Science Research
This paper presents a critical analysis of ethical and methodological issues within cross-cultural music science research, including issues around community based research, participation, and data sovereignty. Although such issues have long been discussed in social science fields including anthropology and ethnomusicology, psychology and music cognition are only beginning to take them into serious consideration. This paper aims to fill that gap in the literature, and draw attention to the necessity of critically considering how implicit cultural biases and pure positivist approaches
can mar scientific investigations of music, especially in a cross-cultural context. We focus initially on two previous papers (Jacoby et al., 2020; Savage et al., 2021) before broadening our discussion to critique and provide alternatives to scientific approaches that support assimilation, extractvism, and universalism. We then discuss methodological considerations around crosscultural research ethics, data ownership, and open science and reproducibility. Throughout our critique, we offer many personal recommendations to crosscultural music researchers, and suggest a few larger
systemic changes
Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower, higher, and use more stable pitches than speech: a registered report
Both music and language are found in all known human societies, yet no studies have compared similarities and differences between song, speech, and instrumental music on a global scale. In this Registered Report, we analyzed two global datasets: (i) 300 annotated audio recordings representing matched sets of traditional songs, recited lyrics, conversational speech, and instrumental melodies from our 75 coauthors speaking 55 languages; and (ii) 418 previously published adult-directed song and speech recordings from 209 individuals speaking 16 languages. Of our six preregistered predictions, five were strongly supported: Relative to speech, songs use (i) higher pitch, (ii) slower temporal rate, and (iii) more stable pitches, while both songs and speech used similar (iv) pitch interval size and (v) timbral brightness. Exploratory analyses suggest that features vary along a “musi-linguistic” continuum when including instrumental melodies and recited lyrics. Our study provides strong empirical evidence of cross-cultural regularities in music and speech
An Open Dialogue Between Neuromusicology and Computational Modelling Methods
Music perception, cognition, and production research have progressed significantly from examining neural correlates of musical components to a better understanding of the interplay of multiple neural pathways that are both unique and shared among other higher neurocognitive processes. The interactions between the neural connections to perceive an abstract entity like music and how musicians make music are an area to be explored in greater depth. With the abstract nature of music and cultural differences, carrying out research studies using ecologically valid stimuli is becoming imperative. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models are data-driven approaches that can investigate whether our current understanding of the neural substrates of musical behaviour can be translated to teach machines to perceive, decode, and produce music akin to humans. AI algorithms can extract features from human-music interaction. Training ML models on such features can help in information retrieval to look at the brain\u27s natural music processing, recognizing the patterns concealed within it, deciphering its deeper meaning, and, most significantly, mimicking human musical engagements. The question remains how these models can be generalized for knowledge representation of human musical behaviour and what would be applications in a more ecologically valid manner
A Systematic Chart Review of Adults with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Data from a Tertiary Care Psychiatry Center in India
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an understudied construct in the psychiatric setting. The majority of existing Indian studies on PTSD focus on the general population or disaster-stricken communities. Here, we present data from a five-year retrospective chart review from a tertiary care psychiatric center in India. Methods: Medical records of adult patients (≥18 years) who had attended psychiatry outpatient services between April 1, 2015 and March 31, 2020 (five years) and were diagnosed with PTSD, as per ICD-10 criteria, were reviewed ( n = 113). The relevant sociodemographic and clinical details were extracted using a semistructured pro forma. Results: The percentage of adult patients with PTSD diagnosis in the five years was 0.22%. PTSD was more common in females (n = 65, 57.5%). Most patients had interpersonal trauma (n = 85, 75.2%), specifically sexual abuse (n = 47, 41.6%).The median age of onset was 22 years. All the patients had re-experiencing symptoms, with an equally high rate of avoidance (n = 109, 96.5%) and arousal symptoms (n = 110, 97.3%). 82%(93) had a comorbid psychiatric disorder, with mood disorder being the most common (n = 44, 38.9%). Males had a higher rate of comorbid substance use disorder (n = 14, 29.2%) and depression (n = 20, 42%), and females had a higher rate of comorbid dissociative disorder (n = 13, 20%). Most of the patients received non-trauma-focused psychological interventions, and only 18% (20) received evidence-based trauma-focused psychological interventions. Conclusion: Interpersonal trauma, specifically sexual abuse, largely contributes to PTSD among adults attending psychiatric services. The need for trauma-focused psychological interventions is underscored
Cross-cultural Perception of Musical Similarity Within and Between India and Japan
Cross-cultural perception of musical similarity is important for understanding musical diversity and universality. In this study we analyzed cross-cultural music similarity ratings on a global song sample from 110 participants (62 previously published from Japan, 48 newly collected from musicians and non-musicians from north and south India). Our pre-registered hypothesis that average Indian and Japanese ratings would be correlated was strongly supported ( r  = .80, p  < .001). Exploratory analyses showed that ratings from experts in Hindustani music from the north and Carnatic music from the south showed the lowest correlations ( r  = .25). These analyses suggest that the correlations we found are likely due more to shared musical exposure than to innate universals of music perception
Cross-cultural perception of musical similarity within and between India and Japan
Cross-cultural perception of musical similarity is important for understanding musical diversity and universality. In this study we analyzed cross-cultural music similarity ratings on a global song sample from 110 participants (62 previously published from Japan, 48 newly collected from musicians and non-musicians from north and south India). Our pre-registered hypothesis that average Indian and Japanese ratings would be correlated was strongly supported (r = .80, p < .001). Exploratory analyses showed that ratings from experts in Hindustani music from the north and Carnatic music from the south showed the lowest correlations (r = .25). These analyses suggest that the correlations we found are likely due more to shared musical exposure than to innate universals of music perception
Cognitive profile and structural findings in Wilson's disease: A neuropsychological and MRI-based study
Background: Systematic studies on neuropsychological profile in
patients with Wilson′s disease (WD) are far and few. Aim: To
examine the profile of cognitive deficits and their magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) findings in patients with WD. Patients and Methods:
Twelve confirmed patients of WD (age at onset and evaluation,
13.7±11.2 and 21.7±5.3 years, respectively; M-F ratio, 7:5)
on de-coppering therapy constituted the study sample. Battery of
neuropsychological tests measuring mental speed, motor speed, sustained
attention, focused attention, verbal category fluency, verbal working
memory, response inhibition, planning, concept formation, set-shifting
ability, verbal and visual learning and memory were administered.
Phenotypic details and observations on MRI of brain carried out within
six months of neuropsychological assessment were documented. Results:
Neuropsychological assessment elicited cognitive deficits in multiple
domains in all but one patient, who had normal MRI. Percentage of
patients in the deficit range in various domains included: motor speed:
73%; verbal working memory, sustained and focused attention: 50%;
verbal learning: 42%; visuo-constructive ability, verbal memory, mental
speed: 33%-34%; verbal fluency, set-shifting ability, visual memory,
verbal memory: 25%-27%; and verbal recognition: 17%. MRI was normal in
three patients, and revealed variable abnormalities in the remaining:
cerebral atrophy in 3; brainstem atrophy in 2; signal changes in basal
ganglia in 9; and brainstem signal changes in 5. None had subcortical
white matter changes. Two patients with normal MRI showed cognitive
deficits. Conclusion: This study provides insight into the complex
cognitive and brain changes observed on MRI in WD. Use of advanced MRI
techniques in a larger cohort may improve understanding regarding
functional and structural brain changes observed in similar disorders