Billikheid in die kontraktereg

Die inleidende woorde van die Digesta dat justitia est ars boni et aequi, herinner ons daaraan dat die reg onder andere met die handhawing van billikheid gemoeid is. Omdat ons nie in ’n ideëele wêreld leef nie, kan geen regstelsel egter volmaakte billikheid waarborg nie; en, omdat die moderne samelewing gekommersialiseerd en tot mindere of meerdere mate bowendien gesosialiseerd is, word individuele belange dikwels op die altaar van die gemeenskapsbelang geoffer. Hierdie verskynsel is veral merkbaar in die kontraktereg waar geleer word dat dit in die openbare belang is dat ooreenkomste wat vrywillig en in alle erns aangegaan is, uitgevoer moet word. Pacta sunt servanda is waarskynlik die belangrikste hoeksteen van ons kontraktereg, maar dit bring soms mee dat kontraktante gebonde gehou word aan die bepalings van ooreenkomste wat tot hulle nadeel strek en onbillik teenoor hulle skyn te wees. Daarom gaan daar van tyd tot tyd stemme op vir die skepping van ’n regsmiddel om groter billikheid tussen kontraktante te bewerkstellig. ’n Gewilde oplossing wat aan die hand gedoen word, is die ontwikkeling van die bona fides begrip. Inmiddels het die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie ondersoek ingestel na die toepassing van pacta sunt servanda en met voorstelle vir statutêre ingryping vorendag gekom. Die doel van hierdie bydrae is om leemtes in die bona fides teorie en in die voorstelle van die Regskommissie uit te wys

Starting Ones Own Business What Motivates Entrepreneurs?

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that motivate and challenge people when starting up their own small business. This paper includes the challenges that entrepreneurs encounter, advantages and disadvantages of owning ones own business, as well as highlighting the factors that are important to succeed in owning ones own business. The study was quantitative in nature and made use of an online survey questionnaire to collect data from entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The results indicated that the most motivational factors include the desire to pursue a business idea and that they want to be their own boss. The results further highlighted that the main challenges for small business owners are financial in nature as well as support from the government

Comparative interrogation of the developing xylem transcriptomes of two wood-forming species : Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis

Wood formation is a complex developmental process governed by genetic and environmental stimuli. Populus and Eucalyptus are fast-growing, high-yielding tree genera that represent ecologically and economically important species suitable for generating significant lignocellulosic biomass. Comparative analysis of the developing xylem and leaf transcriptomes of Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis together with phylogenetic analyses identified clusters of homologous genes preferentially expressed during xylem formation in both species. A conserved set of 336 single gene pairs showed highly similar xylem preferential expression patterns, as well as evidence of high functional constraint. Individual members of multigene orthologous clusters known to be involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis also showed conserved xylem expression profiles. However, species-specific expression as well as opposite (xylem versus leaf) expression patterns observed for a subset of genes suggest subtle differences in the transcriptional regulation important for xylem development in each species. Using sequence similarity and gene expression status, we identified functional homologs likely to be involved in xylem developmental and biosynthetic processes in Populus and Eucalyptus. Our study suggests that, while genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis show high levels of gene expression conservation, differential regulation of some xylem development genes may give rise to unique xylem properties.Genome Canada Large-Scale Applied Research Project (Project 168BIO) South African Department of Science and Technology (DST), Mondi and Sappi through the Forest Molecular Genetics (FMG) Programme, the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP,UID 80118), and the National Research Foundation (NRF, UID 71255 and 86936) of South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1469-81372016-06-30hb201

Los xenartros de Honduras: nuevos registros, principales amenazas y comentarios sobre su estado de conservación

The Xenarthra are one of the least studied mammalian groups in Honduras. Their ecology, natural history, and distribution in the country are poorly known. Here we compile and discuss, for the first time, the available information about the seven species of Xenarthra that occur in Honduras. We also present new distribution records and comment on their main threats. The lack of specific scientific studies, poaching, illegal traffic, cultural beliefs, and deforestation are among the main threats to xenarthrans in Honduras.Xenarthra es uno de los grupos de mamíferos menos estudiados en Honduras, y de los que menos se sabe sobre su ecología, historia natural y distribución en el país. Aquí recopilamos y discutimos, por primera vez, la información disponible de cada una de las siete especies de Xenarthra que ocurren en Honduras. También presentamos nuevos registros de distribución y comentamos sobre las principales amenazas. La falta de estudios científicos, la cacería y el tráfico ilegal, creencias culturales y la deforestación están entre algunas de las principales amenazas para los xenartros en Honduras.Fil: Turcios Casco, Manfredo A.. Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Foresta; HondurasFil: Ávila Palma, Hefer D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras; HondurasFil: Martínez, Marcio. Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Foresta; HondurasFil: Trejo Ordoñez, Eduardo J.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras; HondurasFil: Meza Flores, David E.. Asociación de Investigación para el Desarrollo Ecológico y Socioeconómico; HondurasFil: Castañeda, Franklin. Panthera; HondurasFil: King, Travis. Washington State University; Estados UnidosFil: Thornton, Daniel. Washington State University; Estados UnidosFil: Superina, Mariella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

A review of the use of blood and blood products in HIV-infected patients

Despite numerous publications on the appropriate use of blood and blood products, few specifically consider the role of transfusion in the management of HIV. This review is a synthesis of conditions encountered in the management of HIV-infected patients where the transfusion of blood or blood products may be indicated. A consistent message emerging from the review is that the principles of transfusion medicine do not differ between HIV-negative and -positive patients. The aim of the review is to provide clinicians witha practical and succinct overview of the haematological abnormalities and clinical circumstances most commonly encountered in the HIV setting, while focusing on the rational and appropriate use of blood and blood products forHIV patients. Important ethical considerations in dealing with both the collection and transfusion blood and blood products in the HIV era have also been addressed

Investigating the molecular underpinnings underlying morphology and changes in carbon partitioning during tension wood formation in Eucalyptus

Tension wood has distinct physical and chemical properties, including altered fibre properties, cell wall composition and ultrastructure. It serves as a good system for investigating the genetic regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation. The reference genome sequence for Eucalyptus grandis allows investigation of the global transcriptional reprogramming that accompanies tension wood formation in this global wood fibre crop. We report the first comprehensive analysis of physicochemical wood property changes in tension wood of Eucalyptus measured in a hybrid (E. grandis 9 Eucalyptus urophylla) clone, as well as genome-wide gene expression changes in xylem tissues 3wk post-induction using RNA sequencing. We found that Eucalyptus tension wood in field-grown trees is characterized by an increase in cellulose, a reduction in lignin, xylose and mannose, and a marked increase in galactose. Gene expression profiling in tension wood-forming tissue showed corresponding down-regulation of monolignol biosynthetic genes, and differential expression of several carbohydrate active enzymes. We conclude that alterations of cell wall traits induced by tension wood formation in Eucalyptus are a consequence of a combination of down-regulation of lignin biosynthesis and hemicellulose remodelling, rather than the often proposed up-regulation of the cellulose biosynthetic pathway.South African Department of Science and Technology (DST), Sappi and Mondi, through the Forest Molecular Genetics Programme, the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP, UID 80118) and the Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Programme of the National Research Foundation (NRF, UID 18312) of South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1469-81372016-06-30hb201

Experimental evaluation of cohesive and adhesive bond strength and fracture energy of bitumen-aggregate systems

Degradation of asphalt pavements is an inevitable phenomenon due to the combined effects of high traffic loads and harsh environmental conditions. Deterioration can be in the form of cohesive failure of the bitumen and/or bitumen-filler mastic or by adhesive failure between bitumen and aggregate. This paper presents an experimental investigation to characterise the cohesive and adhesive strength and fracture energy of bitumen-aggregate samples. The pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument test and the peel test were used to quantify the tensile fracture strength and fracture energy of different bitumen-aggregate combinations, with a view to analyse the influence of several parameters on the strength of the bitumen film or bitumen-aggregate interface. From the experimental results, harder (40/60 pen) bitumen tends to show much higher tensile strength and fracture energy than softer (70/100 pen) bitumen. Tensile strength is shown to be sensitive to testing temperature with the failure regime changing from cohesive to mixed cohesive/adhesive failure with decreasing temperature. In addition, the results show that aggregate properties do not influence the bonding strength if cohesive failure occurs, but with adhesive failure, granite aggregate tends to produce a higher bonding strength than limestone aggregate in the dry condition. In terms of the peel test, the fracture energy experienced an increasing trend with increasing film thickness. However, the normalised toughness decreased when film thickness increased from 0.2 to 0.9 mm