A zsírsavak allometrikus eloszlásának vizsgálata emlős és madár fajok szöveti foszfolipidjeiben = Investigation of the possible allometric properties of fatty acyl chains in mammalian and avian tissue phospholipids

1. Hat madárfajban (150 g - 20 kg) teszteltük, hogy a teljes tüdő, a tüdő parenchyma és a surfactant teljes foszfolipid (PL) frakcióinak zsírsavprofilja mutat-e allometrikus szabályosságokat. Mindhárom esetben a dokozahexaénsav (DHA) negatív allometrikus összefüggését írtuk le (B = -0.056, -0.17 és -0.1, rendre). A surfactant PL-ekben a palmitinsav negatív allometriát, míg a palmitoleinsav és az arachidonsav ellentétes összefüggést mutatott. A tüdőben és parenchymában negatív testsúlyfüggést igazoltunk a malondialdehid (MDA) koncentrációjában, és pozitív MDA-DHA korrelációt, utalva a DHA lipidperoxidációban betöltött szerepére a madártüdőben. 2. Kilenc emlősfajban (20 g - 500 kg) elemeztük a tüdő PL, az alveoláris surfactant foszfatidilkolin (PC) és szfingomielin (SM) frakcióiban a testsúly- és nyugalmi légzésszámfüggő szabályosságokat. A PL, PC és SM frakciókban az olajsav arány negatívan korrelált a légzésszámmal. A PL-ekben a palmitinsav, a PC-ban a mirisztinsav mutatott pozitív korrelációt. A PL-ekben a mirisztin-, a palmitin-, a palmitolein- és a dokozahexaénsav mutott negatív allometriát, az olajsav pozitív testsúlyfüggést. A surfactant PC frakciójában a palmitinsav negatív, az oljsavnál pozitív allometriát mutatott. Az SM frakció zsírsavprofilja és a lipidperoxidáció mértéke független volt a testsúlytól. A PL-ekben igazolt variabilitás a „membránok mint metabolikus ütemadók” elmélettel egyezik; a surfactant PC frakció összetétele a légzészámmal függött össze. | 1. From 150 g to 20 kg body mass (BM) total lung, lung parenchyma and surfactant phospholipids were tested for allometric properties in 6 gallinaceous species. In all three components docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed negative allometric scaling (B = -0.056, -0.17 and -0.1, resp.). Surfactant PLs provided negative allometry for palmitic acid and the opposite was found for palmitoleate and arachidonate. Negative allometry was found for malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the native and lavaged lungs, and in these positive MDA-DHA correlation was found, denoting the role of DHA in shaping the allometric properties of in vivo lipid peroxidation. 2. In 9 mammalian species (21.5 g – 503 kg) lung PLs, alveolar surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) fatty acyl (FA) chain composition was tested for BM and resting respiratory rate (RRR) associated adaptations. In PL, PC and SM oleic acid provided negative correlations with RRR. Palmitic acid was positively correlated with RRR in PLs, and myristic (C14:0) acid correlated positively with RRR in PCs. In PLs negative allometry was found for myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic acids and DHA, while oleic acid increased allometrically. In surfactant PC FAs palmitic acid provided negative, while oleic acid positive allometry. Surfactant SM and the in vivo lipid peroxidation was species independent. The PL composition varied according to the“membrane pacemakers theory”, while surfactant PC composition was related to RRR

Absorption of leucine, alanine and lysine from the rumen

The absorption of three amino acids (leucine, alanine and lysine) from the washed, closed rumen was studied in a short-term (75 min) experiment in situ. The concentration of leucine and alanine did not change in the rumen during the experiment, while that of lysine continuously decreased, and 40% of the total lysine placed in the rumen was absorbed during the experimental period. The rate of absorption decreased in proportion to the fall of amino acid concentration

Az inulin szerepe és jelentősége a gazdasági haszonállatok takarmányozásában = The role and significance of inulin in the feeding of farm animals

Restrictions on the use of antibiotics in Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council have increased the need for preventive measures in animal nutrition. The positive dietary effects of inulin have been documented since the early 1900s. Although today's literature often gives different results on the performance-enhancing properties of chicory extract, its effect on the body cannot be ignored. Inulin affects the composition of the gut microbiome. Increased microbial digestion increases the volatile fatty acid concentration and decreases the intestinal pH, which inhibits the growth of pathogens in the digestive tract. It affects the intestinal morphology, the body's immune system, and its clinical chemical parameters. The measurable changes depend on the structure of inulin, the species, age, health and nutritional status of the animal. Observations in piglets have shown a reduction in feed efficiency and nitrogen metabolism at certain doses. In the light of scientific results, the practical role of inulin as a dietary supplement to improve health is well established, but the precise study of upper limits and the structure of efficiently functioning fructan is still a challenge for science.Az 1831/2003/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendelet antibiotikum használatot korlátozó előírásai fokozták a prevenciós megoldások iránti igényt az állati takarmányozásban. Az inulin pozitív étrendi hatásáról az 1900-as évek eleje óta vannak feljegyzések. Bár a mai irodalom sok esetben eltérő eredményt ad a cikória kivonat teljesítménynövelő képességéről, szervezetre gyakorolt hatása nem hagyható figyelmen kívül. Az inulin befolyásolja a bél mikrobiom összetételét. A fokozott mikrobiális emésztés hatására nő az illózsírsav koncentráció és csökken a pH a béltartalomban, ami gátolja a patogének elszaporodását az emésztőtraktusban. Hatással van a bél morfológiájára, a szervezet immunrendszerére, klinikai kémiai paramétereire. A mérhető változások függnek az inulin szerkezetétől, az állat fajától, életkorától, egészségügyi állapotától és táplálóanyag ellátottságától. Malacokon végzett megfigyelések bizonyos dózis fölött a takarmányértékesítés és a nitrogén anyagforgalom hatásfokának csökkenéséről számoltak be. A tudományos eredmények tükrében az inulin gyakorlati szerepe megalapozott, mint az egészségi állapotot javító takarmány kiegészítő, azonban a felső határértékek és a hatékonyan működő fruktán szerkezetének pontos vizsgálata még további feladat a tudomány számára

Absorption of inorganic, trivalent and hexavalent chromium following oral and intrajejunal doses in rats

The intestinal absorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium (Cr) given orally (experiment I) or infused in the intestine (experiment II) was investigated in rats. The nonabsorbable form of chromium51 (Cr2O3) and water-soluble and more absorbable Na2 51CrO4 (the hexavalent form of Cr) were compared. Total retention of chromium given orally ranged around 15 percent of the dose, regardless of the chromium compounds applied. The absorption rate of chromic oxide, which is considered a nonabsorbable compound, was 14.4 as a percentage of chromium intake. This result indicates that some loss of chromium has to be taken into account in metabolic trials made by the indicator method. In isolated rat intestine, from the injected Cr 2.5% of chromic oxide and 43.2% of sodium chromate were absorbed during an hour (experiment II). The absorbed chromium was transferred to the liver where the liver tissue retained 10.9% of chromic oxide and 51.1% of sodium chromate. Radioactivity of v. cava caudalis following intestinal injection of Na2CrO4 was thirtyfold greater than after Na2CrO4 dosing. This phenomenon can be explained by the lower blood clearance of chromate. Different absorption rate of chromate depending on the route of administration could be due to the fact that the hexavalent form given orally was reduced to Cr3+ in the acidic environment of the stomach. When Na2CrO4 was infused directly in the intestine of rats, such reduction could not occur. This means that the acidic gastric juice might play a role in inhibiting the intestinal absorption of Na2CrO4 when this compound is given orally

On the allometric scaling of fatty acids in the phospholipids of metabolically active fowl tissues

In our recent studies domesticated fowl species in the range from 150 g (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica) to 19 kg (turkey, Meleagris gallopavo) were analysed, to elucidate supposed allometric relationship of the membrane lipid fatty acids (FA). The basis of all studies was the „membranes as pacemakers of metabolism” by Hulbert (Lipids, 2007, 42, 811-819). First in the myocardium (B=-0.6), later in the avian kidney (-0.18) and lung (-0.24), as well as liver (-0.2) negative allometric scaling was found for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In the membrane FAs of all these tissues rather balanced polyunsaturation, negatively scaling n3 and unsaturation index and oppositely related n6 and monounsaturated FA molar proportions were described. In the lavaged avian lung surfactant phopsholipids we reported similar negative allometry for DHA. In contarst, avian brain phospholipid FA composition failed to provide body mass relation. We found unexpected results (positive allometry for n3 FAs, DHA, unsaturation index) in the m. pectoralis superficialis phospholipids during turkey ontogenesis. In all the aforementioned splanchnic organs the concentration of whole tissue malondialdehyde was also negatively related to body mass (B=-0.16, -0.05, -0.17, -0,13 in the heart, lung, kidney and liver). Results indicate a special regulatory role for DHA, in agreement with the membrane pacemaker theory, while suggest also a strong predispository and linking role for this acid and the polyunsaturated n3 FAs towards non enzymatic lipid peroxidation

Acute hepatic effects of low-dose fumonisin b1 In rats

Adult male Wistar rats were enrolled in a study to test the acute hepatic effects of 50 mg/kg fumonisin B1 in feed for 5 days. Fumonisin B1 depressed growth and feed intake, and absolute and relative liver weight showed a significant increase. The proportions of C17:0, C18:3 n3, C22:5 n3 and C22:6 n3 fatty acids decreased in the hepatic phospholipid fraction. All proportional decreases modified the hepatocellular membrane lipids into a more rigid state. The fatty acid profile modifications were partly compensated for by endogenous glutathione (preventing the formation of conjugated dienes and trienes as initial phase lipid peroxidation indicators), while the enzymatic antioxidant defence system (glutathione peroxidase) was unaltered. In contrast, hepatic malondialdehyde, the cytotoxic product of end-phase lipid peroxidation showed a concentration increase even after 5 days of feeding. The results indicate a rather strong and rapid hepatic effect of FB1, immediately impairing membrane phospholipids, even before the enzymatic antioxidant defence is activated

Clinical chemistry of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) yearling hinds reared on grass or papillonaceouspasture paddocks in Hungary.

Abstract. Yearling red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds of identical initial body weight were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (group 1) or on a papillonaceous plant pasture (group 2) for 212 days. At the end of the experiment (when deer were shot) blood was taken from ten animals of each group for serum biochemical analysis. Hinds of group 2 provided higher final body weight (90±3.5 vs. 101±6.6 kg) and higher daily body weight gain (105.7±10.7 vs. 153.8±26.8 g/day). Within serum nitrogenous compounds group 2 provided higher total protein concentrations, while from the lipids only serum triglyceride levels were higher in this group. Serum potassium was in both groups higher than the reference range with a superposed slight hyperkalaemia in group 2. Higher lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were found in group 2 and lower aspartate aminotransferase activity values. Inorganic phosphate concentration showed a significant difference (group 1 provides higher values). Results refer to an expressed venison growth as a result of the rich dietary protein supply of group 2. Findings were evaluated as well with discriminant factor analysis, outlining the relative importance of the single blood biochemical parameters in shaping the inter-group differences. </jats:p

Orally administered T-2 and Fumonisin B1 affects cation exchange of rabbit erythrocytes

Pannon White weaned rabbits were fed on diets artifi cially complemented with 2 mg/kg diet T-2 toxin, or 10 mg/kg diet fumonisin B1 (FB1), and both toxins in a combination (2+10 mg/kg, resp.). Th e control was fed on a toxin free, fully identical diet. Blood was sampled aft er 2 and 4 weeks of administration. Body and liver weight of the T-2 group was lower aft er 4 weeks. Aft er full red cell lysis in a hypotonic buff er cellular membranes were isolated with centrifugation (30000 g/10 min) and the cation transport was implemented as the breakdown of ATP in the absence and in the presence of a selective sodium pump inhibitor, ouabain. Results were interpreted as the diff erence between the inhibited and non-inhibited treatments, and were given as liberated inorganic phosphate (nmol Pi/mg protein/ h.) Th e red blood cell (RBC) total, ouabain sensitive Na+/K+ ATPase activity decreased aft er 4 weeks in the T-2 group, increased in the FB1 group and antagonistic eff ect was revealed by the T-2+FB1 group (enzyme activity identical with the control). Th e RBC membrane fatty acid composition was altered by both mycotoxins similarly during the entire feeding. Considering hematology, aft er 4 weeks T-2 alone and in combination with FB1 increased mean cell volume (MCV). Time-dependent alterations in the T-2 group were signifi cant for MCV and the mean cell hemoglobin, both parameters increasing. Th e active monovalent cation transport was signifi cantly infl uenced by both T-2 and FB1 as well. Most probably FB1 exerts its sodium pump activity modifi cation via an altered ceramide metabolism (behenic acid (C22:0) proportional decrease in the RBC membrane composition), while for T-2 toxin a moderate membrane disruption and enzyme (protein) synthesis inhibition was supposed (ca. 75% decrease of the ouabain sensitive sodium pump activity). Th e research was supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA-KE “Mycotoxins in the food chain” Research Group) and by the Bolyai János Research Grant (BO_499_13 to J. Sz-F.)