To See Is To Believe: Common Expectations In Experimental Asset Markets

We experimentally manipulate agents' information regarding the rationality of others in a setting in which previous studies have found irrationality to be present, namely the asset market experiments introduced by Smith, Suchanek, and Williams (Econometrica, 1988). Recent studies suggest that mispricing in such markets may be an artefact of confusion, which can be reduced by training subjects to understand the diminishing fundamental value. We reconsider this view, and argue that when it is made public knowledge that training has occurred, this may also reduce uncertainty over the behavior of others and facilitate the formation of common expectations. Our design disentangles the direct effect of training from the indirect e_ect of its public knowledge, and our results indicate a distinct effect of public knowledge over and above that of training alon

Integrating self-assembly and biofabrication for the development of structures with enhanced complexity and hierarchical control

Nature has evolved to grow and regenerate tissues and organs using self-assembling processes capable of organizing a wide variety of molecular building-blocks at multiple size scales. As the field of biofabrication progresses, it is essential to develop innovative ways that can enhance our capacity to build more complex macroscopic structures using molecular and nanoscale components in a rational manner. In this review, we highlight the emerging opportunities, advantages, and challenges of incorporating self-assembly with biofabrication for the development of more biologically relevant, active, and functional structures. The review is organized in four sections. First, to better appreciate the benefits of this integrated approach, we summarize recent advances in self-assembly and biofabrication aimed at improving hierarchical control. Then, we discuss work focused on combining self-assembly with biofabrication in three areas including a) conventional bioprinting techniques using self-assembling bioinks; b) new methods where self-assembly drives the fabrication process, and c) techniques based on cellular self-assembly. The ultimate goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of structural hierarchy in biological systems and to highlight the potential behind the integration of biofabrication and self-assembly towards the development of more functional structures for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Impacts of climate change on air pollution levels in the Northern Hemisphere with special focus on Europe and the Arctic

International audienceThe response of a selected number of chemical species is inspected with respect to climate change. The coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model ECHAM4-OPYC3 is providing meteorological fields for the Chemical long-range Transport Model DEHM. Three selected decades (1990s, 2040s and 2090s) are inspected. The 1990s are used as a reference and validation period. In this decade an evaluation of the output from the DEHM model with ECHAM4-OPYC3 meteorology input data is carried out. The model results are tested against similar model simulations with MM5 meteorology and against observations from the EMEP monitoring sites in Europe. The test results from the validation period show that the overall statistics (e.g. mean values and standard deviations) are similar for the two simulations. However, as one would expect the model setup with climate input data fails to predict correctly the timing of the variability in the observations. The overall performance of the ECHAM4-OPYC3 setup as meteorological input to the DEHM model is shown to be acceptable according to the applied ranking method. It is concluded that running a chemical long-range transport model on data from a "free run" climate model is scientifically sound. From the model runs of the three decades, it is found that the overall trend detected in the evolution of the chemical species, is the same between the 1990 decade and the 2040 decade and between the 2040 decade and the 2090 decade, respectively. The dominating impacts from climate change on a large number of the chemical species are related to the predicted temperature increase. Throughout the 21th century the ECHAM4-OPYC3 projects a global mean temperature increase of 3 K with local maxima up to 11 K in the Arctic winter based on the IPCC A2 emission scenario. As a consequence of this temperature increase, the temperature dependent biogenic emission of isoprene is predicted to increase significantly over land by the DEHM model. This leads to an increase in the O3 production and together with an increase in water vapor to an increase in the number of free OH radicals. Furthermore this increase in the number of OH radicals contributes to a significant change in the typical life time of many species, since OH are participating in a large number of chemical reactions. It is e.g. found that more SO42? will be present in the future over the already polluted areas and this increase can be explained by an enhanced conversion of SO2 to SO42?

Bioactive extracts from Salicornia ramosissima J. woods biorefinery as a source of ingredients for high-value industries

Salt-tolerant plants, also known as halophytes, could provide a novel source of feedstock for biorefineries. After harvesting fresh shoots for food, the lignified fraction of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods could be used to produce bioactive botanical extracts for high-value industries such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and biopharmaceuticals. The residual fraction after extraction can be further used for bioenergy or lignocellulose-derived platform chemicals. This work analysed S. ramosissima from different sources and growth stages. After pre-processing and extractions, the obtained fractions were analysed for their contents of fatty acids, pigments, and total phenolics. Extracts were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties and inhibitory effect towards enzymes related to diabetes, hyperpigmentation, obesity, and neurogenerative diseases. The ethanol extract from the fibre residue and the water extract from completely lignified plants showed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds along with the highest antioxidant potential and enzyme-inhibitory properties. Hence, they should be further explored in the context of biorefinery.Fundo Azul (FA-05-2017-028)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sustainable bioethanol production combining biorefinery principles using combined raw materials from wheat undersown with clover-grass

To obtain the best possible net energy balance of the bioethanol production the biomass raw materials used need to be produced with limited use of non-renewable fossil fuels. Intercropping strategies are known to maximize growth and productivity by including more than one species in the crop stand, very often with legumes as one of the components. In the present study clover-grass is undersown in a traditional wheat crop. Thereby, it is possible to increase input of symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the cropping systems and reduce the need for fertilizer applications. Furthermore, when using such wheat and clover-grass mixtures as raw material, addition of urea and other fermentation nutrients produced from fossil fuels can be reduced in the whole ethanol manufacturing chain. Using second generation ethanol technology mixtures of relative proportions of wheat straw and clover-grass (15:85, 50:50, and 85:15) were pretreated by wet oxidation. The results showed that supplementing wheat straw with clover-grass had a positive effect on the ethanol yield in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments, and the effect was more pronounced in inhibitory substrates. The highest ethanol yield (80% of theoretical) was obtained in the experiment with high fraction (85%) of clover-grass. In order to improve the sugar recovery of clover-grass, it should be separated into a green juice (containing free sugars, fructan, amino acids, vitamins and soluble minerals) for direct fermentation and a fibre pulp for pretreatment together with wheat straw. Based on the obtained results a decentralized biorefinery concept for production of biofuel is suggested emphasizing sustainability, localness, and recycling principle

A self-assembly based supramolecular bioink with hierarchical control As a new bioprinting tool

Tissue engineering aims to capture details of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that stimulate cell growth and tissue regeneration. Molecularly complex materials or advanced additive fabrication techniques are often used to capture aspects of the ECM. Promising biofabrication techniques often lack nano and molecular scale control, as well as materials that can recreate the natural ECM or selectively guide cell behaviour. On the other hand, complex biomaterials based on molecular self-assembly tend to lack reproducibility and order beyond the nanoscale. We propose a new material fabrication platform that integrates the benefits of bioprinting and molecular self-assembly to overcome the current major limitations. Our approach relies on the co-assembly of peptide amphiphiles (PAs) with biomolecules and/or proteins found in the ECM, whilst exploiting the droplet-on-demand (DoD) printing process. Taking advantage of the interfacial fluid forces during printing, it is possible to guide the self-assembly into aligned or disordered nanofibers, hydrogel structures of different geometries and sizes, surface topographies and higher-ordered structures made from multiple hydrogels. The co-assembly process can be performed during printing and in cell-friendly conditions, whilst exhibiting high cell viability (\u3e 88 %). Moreover, multiple cell types can be spatially distributed on the outside or embedded within the tuneable biomimetic scaffolds. The combination of self-assembly with 3D-bioprinting, provides a basis for a new biofabrication platform to create hydrogels of complex geometry, structural hierarchy and tuneable chemical composition. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

The Association of State Opioid Misuse Prevention Policies With Patient‐ and Provider‐Related Outcomes: A Scoping Review

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154648/1/milq12436.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154648/2/milq12436_am.pd