A Changing Role for the Arboretum of the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACH)

The Arboretum of Universidad Austral de Chile is playing an important role in cultivating some of Chile's most threatened woody plant species in order to establish ex situ conservation collections for research, education and to assist the restoration of depleted wild populations. Changing the way in which the Arboretum manages its plant collections, so that it can play a more effective role in conservation, has been an important output of a Darwin Initiative funded project run in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. The three year project, 'An Integrated Programme for the Conservation of Chilean Threatened Endemic Plants' was started in 2002. This paper describes how the project has assisted in developing facilities in the Arboretum to propagate and grow some of Chile's most threatened plant species and includes details of six lesser known, threatened narrow endemics

Flujo génico restringido en poblaciones fragmentadas de Legrandia concinna, una Myrtaceae amenazada endémica del centro-sur de Chile

The objective of the present study was to analyze levels and distribution patterns of isozyme variation in the only five known populations of Legrandia concinna, a threatened and range-restricted species to the temperate forest of the Chilean South Central Andes. Six enzyme systems were resolved using a combination of two buffer solutions which yielded information on nine putative loci; 67 % of these were polymorphic in at least one population. Levels of genetic variation for L. concinna populations are low, with average polymorphism of 31 %, and observed and expected heterozygosis of 0.07 and 0.11 respectively. We found significant mean within-population inbreeding (FIS = 0.395) and among-population divergence (FST = 41 %). Cluster analysis indicates that genetic diversity is latitudinally structured. Our results show that even small populations may still retain as much genetic diversity as larger ones, which, in addition to significant restrictions for gene flow, call for urgent conservation actions; otherwise L. concinna could be seriously threatened.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los niveles y patrones de distribución de polimorfismos isoenzimáticos en las únicas cinco poblaciones conocidas de Legrandia concinna, una especie amenazada de rango restringido de los bosques templados de Los Andes de Chile central. Seis sistemas enzimáticos se resolvieron usando una combinación de dos soluciones tampón que dieron información sobre nueve loci génicos putativos, 67 % de los cuales resultaron polimórficos en al menos una población. Los niveles de variación genética en poblaciones de L. concinna resultaron bajos, con un polimorfismo promedio de 31 % y heterocigosis observada y esperada de 0,07 y 0,11, respectivamente. Las poblaciones de L. concinna mostraron una significativa endogamia dentro de las poblaciones (FIS = 0,395) y divergencia entre poblaciones (FST = 41 %). El análisis multivariado de clúster indicó que la diversidad genética está estructurada latitudinalmente. Los resultados sugieren que aún poblaciones pequeñas pueden retener tanta diversidad genética como las de mayor tamaño. Esto, en combinación con las restricciones significativas al flujo génico, muestra la necesidad de realizar medidas urgentes de conservación, de lo contrario L. concinna se encontrará seriamente amenazada

Propagación vegetativa de taique (Desfontainia spinosa) y tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana) con fines ornamentales

Taique (Desfontainia spinosa) and tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana) are both highly ornamental native species from Chile. In order to investigate the capacity of vegetative propagation of these species, different concentrations of indolbuturic acid (IBA) with different types of cuttings were tested. The study was carried out inside a greenhouse with intermittent misting system. Cuttings were placed on a hot propagation bed at a temperature of 22 ± 2º C. A mixture of Sphagnum and perlite (1:1) was used as propagation substrate. IBA concentrations of 0-1,000-2,500 and 4,000 ppm were tested for apical and subapical cuttings of taique. Concentrations of 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 ppm were tested for apical cuttings of tepa. Main results indicated that taique can be propagated easily by cuttings collected during winter time using IBA at concentrations between 1,000-4,000 ppm (67-82% of rooting succeeded), no matter the type of cutting used. Tepa showed a greater difficulty in rooting capacity than taique when propagated by cuttings. Results showed values of propagation percentage from 6.7% for cuttings without hormone, up to 33% for cuttings with a concentration of 4,000 ppm of AIB.Taique (Desfontainia spinosa) y tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana) son especies nativas de Chile con gran potencial ornamental. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en la propagación vegetativa de estas especies utilizando diferentes concentraciones de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) y tipos de esqueje. El ensayo se estableció dentro de un invernadero con sistema de riego nebulizado sobre cama de enraizamiento con temperatura controlada de 22 ± 2º C. Como sustrato de enraizamiento se utilizó una mezcla de Sphagnum y perlita (1:1). Para taique se utilizaron concentraciones de AIB de 0 (testigo), 1.000, 2.500 y 4.000 mg L–1 en esquejes apicales y subapicales. En tepa se probaron concentraciones de AIB de 0 (testigo), 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 y 4.000 mg L–1 en esquejes subapicales. Los resultados indicaron que taique se propagó fácilmente a través de esquejes colectados en invierno utilizando concentraciones de AIB de 1.000-4.000 mg L–1 (67-82%), sin importar el tipo de estaca utilizada. Por el contrario, tepa fue de difícil enraizamiento, cuyos valores oscilan entre 6,7% para los esquejes sin hormona y 33% para los esquejes tratados con 4.000 mg L–1 de AIB

Preliminary Advice on Fruit Handling, Seed Pretreatment and 'Germination' of Embryos of Prumnopitys andina

Prumnopitys andina is a member of the Podocarpaceae native to Chile and Argentina. It is known to be relatively easy to propagate vegetatively, but germination from seeds is poor and can be spread over at least four years. This paper describes the methods that were used to raise 89 seedlings from 262 seeds (=34%) in less than 1 year. The sequence involves i) completely removing the fleshy sarcotesta; ii) thoroughly washing the seed-coat; iii) `pretreating' the imbibed seeds by incubating them in moist peat and sand at a daily alternating 10/15°C for several months (to allow 'maturation' or `after-ripening' / 'dormancy breakage' at present we do not know which); iv) carefully cracking the seed-coat in a vice and extracting the embryo; v) culturing clean, firm, healthy (=-`viable') embryos on moist filter paper at a daily alternating 20/30°C (with lights during the 30°C phase); [vi) where necessary, freeing the cotyledons of all seedlings that become trapped in the female gametophyte]; vii) transplanting seedlings to conventional nursery practice. A further 1008 seeds are continuing 'pretreatment' to investigate whether this will increase the proportion of seedlings per viable embryo or better still lead to a much less labour intensive seedling emergence from intact seeds

Systematics, biogeography, and character evolution of the legume tribe Fabeae with special focus on the middle-Atlantic island lineages

Background: Tribe Fabeae comprises about 380 legume species, including some of the most ancient and important crops like lentil, pea, and broad bean. Breeding efforts in legume crops rely on a detailed knowledge of closest wild relatives and geographic origin. Relationships within the tribe, however, are incompletely known and previous molecular results conflicted with the traditional morphology-based classification. Here we analyse the systematics, biogeography, and character evolution in the tribe based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. Results: Phylogenetic analyses including c. 70% of the species in the tribe show that the genera Vicia and Lathyrus in their current circumscription are not monophyletic: Pisum and Vavilovia are nested in Lathyrus, the genus Lens is nested in Vicia. A small, well-supported clade including Vicia hirsuta, V. sylvatica, and some Mediterranean endemics, is the sister group to all remaining species in the tribe. Fabeae originated in the East Mediterranean region in the Miocene (23–16 million years ago (Ma)) and spread at least 39 times into Eurasia, seven times to the Americas, twice to tropical Africa and four times to Macaronesia. Broad bean (V. faba) and its sister V. paucijuga originated in Asia and might be sister to V. oroboides. Lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) is of Mediterranean origin and together with eight very close relatives forms a clade that is nested in the core Vicia, where it evolved c. 14 Ma. The Pisum clade is nested in Lathyrus in a grade with the Mediterranean L. gloeosperma, L. neurolobus, and L. nissolia. The extinct Azorean endemic V. dennesiana belongs in section Cracca and is nested among Mediterranean species. According to our ancestral character state reconstruction results, ancestors of Fabeae had a basic chromosome number of 2n=14, an annual life form, and evenly hairy, dorsiventrally compressed styles. Conclusions: Fabeae evolved in the Eastern Mediterranean in the middle Miocene and spread from there across Eurasia, into Tropical Africa, and at least seven times to the Americas. The middle-Atlantic islands were colonized four times but apparently did not serve as stepping-stones for Atlantic crossings. Long-distance dispersal events are relatively common in Fabeae (seven per ten million years). Current generic and infrageneric circumscriptions in Fabeae do not reflect monophyletic groups and should be revised. Suggestions for generic level delimitation are offered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

BVRI Light Curves for 29 Type Ia Supernovae

BVRI light curves are presented for 27 Type Ia supernovae discovered during the course of the Calan/Tololo Survey and for two other SNe Ia observed during the same period. Estimates of the maximum light magnitudes in the B, V, and I bands and the initial decline rate parameter m15(B) are also given.Comment: 17 pages, figures and tables are not included (contact first author if needed), to appear in the Astronomical Journa

NUEVAS POBLACIONES DE BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA HOOK.F. (BERBERIDOPSIDALES: BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE) EN LA REGION DEL BIO BIO, CHILE: UBICACION Y CONSERVACION DE SU HABITAT

The location of 123 new records of the woody climbing vine michay rojo or voqui pilfuco (Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f.) in Bio Bio Region, Chile, is presented and its habitat conservation status is described. The populations of this threatened species were discovered in 65 native forest fragments for conservation purposes in Bosques Arauco S.A. company lands. These records increase significantly the known spatial and altitudinal distribution for this endemic species considered as endangered. They also show a greater proximity among its populations in Bio Bio Region than previous data.Se presenta la ubicación de 123 nuevos registros de la enredadera leñosa michay rojo o voqui pilfuco (Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f.) en la Región del Bío Bío, Chile, y se describe el estado de conservación de su hábitat. Las poblaciones de esta especie amenazada fueron descubiertas en 65 fragmentos de vegetación y bosques nativos con fines de protección, al interior de predios de la empresa forestal Bosques Arauco S.A. Estos registros incrementan significativamente la distribución espacial y altitudinal conocida para esta especie endémica del país y considerada en peligro de extinción. Además, estos nuevos registros revelan una mayor continuidad de sus poblaciones en la región respecto de datos previos

A Changing Role for the Arboretum of the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACH)

The Arboretum of Universidad Austral de Chile is playing an important role in cultivating some of Chile's most threatened woody plant species in order to establish ex situ conservation collections for research, education and to assist the restoration of depleted wild populations. Changing the way in which the Arboretum manages its plant collections, so that it can play a more effective role in conservation, has been an important output of a Darwin Initiative funded project run in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. The three year project, 'An Integrated Programme for the Conservation of Chilean Threatened Endemic Plants' was started in 2002. This paper describes how the project has assisted in developing facilities in the Arboretum to propagate and grow some of Chile's most threatened plant species and includes details of six lesser known, threatened narrow endemics.</jats:p

Control de casación sobre la aplicación de la ley extranjera

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completoEste trabajo está estructurado en cuatro capítulos: En el Capítulo I, examinaremos a qué título la norma extranjera puede ser aplicada en un país distinto de aquél que la dictó; con tal fin, nos referiremos a los principales argumentos que se han desarrollado en doctrina para dar respuesta a esta interrogante. En el Capítulo II, analizaremos la naturaleza de la ley extranjera, con el objeto de discernir si la norma jurídica conserva tal carácter cuando es aplicada fuera de los límites territoriales del Estado que la dictó, o bien, se convierte en un mero hecho. Este tema reviste especial importancia para nuestro estudio, puesto que, de la posición que al respecto se adopte, va a depender en gran medida el rol que desempeñe el Tribunal de Casación respecto de la aplicación de la ley extranjera. En el Capítulo III, estudiaremos la forma de aplicación y prueba de la ley extranjera, con la finalidad de determinar si dicha ley es una regla de derecho que merece el mismo tratamiento de la ley nacional, o, por el contrario, debe estar sujeta a un trato especial. Por último, en el Capítulo IV, abordaremos en primer término, el estudio de los principios básicos que informan el recurso de casación en el fondo, para luego, centrarnos en el análisis de su procedencia en el Derecho Internacional Privado. En este ámbito, nos referiremos a las dos situaciones que pueden servir de base al recurso, y que son: 1º La falta de aplicación de la ley competente, que daría lugar a una casación por infracción de la norma de conflicto nacional; y, 2º El error de interpretación de dicha ley, en cuyo caso la casación estaría motivada por una infracción de la ley de fondo extranjera. Como es fácil comprender, la discusión se centrará principalmente en el segundo caso, para cuya resolución será indispensable recurrir al estudio de las teorías relativas a la naturaleza del derecho extranjero, por su directa relación con el problema