Responsible Research in IT

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Detecting on-street parking spaces in smart cities: Performance evaluation of fixed and mobile sensing systems

As the number of vehicles continues to grow, parking spaces are at a premium in city streets. In addition, due to the lack of knowledge about street parking spaces, heuristic circling in the streets not only costs drivers’ time and fuel, but also increases city congestion. In the wake of the recent trend to build convenient, green and energy-efficient smart cities, common techniques adopted by high-profile smart parking systems are reviewed, and the performance of the various approaches are compared. A mobile sensing unit has been developed as an alternative to the fixed sensing approach. It is mounted on the passenger side of a car to measure the distance from the vehicle to the nearest roadside obstacle. By extracting parked vehicles’ features from the collected trace, a supervised learning algorithm has been developed to estimate roadside parking occupancy. Multiple road tests were conducted around Wheatley (Oxfordshire) and Guildford (Surrey) in the UK. In the case of accurate GPS readings, enhanced by a map matching technique, the accuracy of the system is above 90%. A quantity estimation model is derived to calculate the density of sensing units required to cover urban streets. The estimation is quantitatively compared to a fixed sensing solution. The results show that the mobile sensing approach can perform at the same level as fixed sensing solutions when accurate location information is available but substantially fewer sensors are needed compared to the fixed sensing system

Assessing responsible innovation training

There is broad agreement that one important aspect of responsible innovation (RI) is to provide training on its principles and practices to current and future researchers and innovators, notably including doctoral students. Much less agreement can be observed concerning the question of what this training should consist of, how it should be delivered and how it could be assessed. The increasing institutional embedding of RI leads to calls for the alignment of RI training with training in other subjects. One can therefore observe a push towards the official assessment of RI training, for example in the recent call for proposals for centres for doctoral training by UK Research and Innovation. This editorial article takes its point of departure from the recognition that the RI community will need to react to the call for assessment of RI training. It provides an overview of the background and open questions around RI training and assessment as a background of examples of RI training assessment at doctoral level. There is unlikely to be one right way of assessing RI training across institutions and disciplines, but we expect that the examples provided in this article can help RI scholars and practitioners orient their training and its assessment in ways that are academically viable as well as supportive of the overall aims of RI

Assessing Responsible Innovation Training

There is broad agreement that one important aspect of responsible innovation (RI) is to provide training on its principles and practices to current and future researchers and innovators, notably including doctoral students. Much less agreement can be observed concerning the question of what this training should consist of, how it should be delivered and how it could be assessed. The increasing institutional embedding of RI leads to calls for the alignment of RI training with training in other subjects. One can therefore observe a push towards the official assessment of RI training, for example in the recent call for proposals for centres for doctoral training by UK Research and Innovation. This editorial article takes its point of departure from the recognition that the RI community will need to react to the call for assessment of RI training. It provides an overview of the background and open questions around RI training and assessment as a background of examples of RI training assessment at doctoral level. There is unlikely to be one right way of assessing RI training across institutions and disciplines, but we expect that the examples provided in this article can help RI scholars and practitioners orient their training and its assessment in ways that are academically viable as well as supportive of the overall aims of RI

Validation of On Street Parking

In 2016, tests were carried out in Guildford to identify car parking spaces using a mobile sonar sensor mounted on the nearside of a test vehicle which collects data as it moves around the location. The data collected is sent over a cellular link to a web based database which includes maps with known parking areas. The spaces are identified and can be made available to road users via an App. The vehicle location was determined from a GPS receiver combined with map matching. To determine the accuracy, ground truth is provided by a camera mounted on the test vehicle

Liner Shipping Companies and Terminal Operators: Internationalisation or Globalisation?

Issues of global integration between liner shipping companies and ports and terminals are investigated. For several years there has been a significant reorganisation and concentration of operators with the result that an increasing proportion of container shipping, handling and distribution capacity is now in the hands of fewer, larger companies. It is likely that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future. It is shown that in some areas, such as Europe, concentration of ownership is approaching saturation: freedom of choice and shortage of competition are becoming major issues. In both shipping and ports, while several companies are large, very few can claim to be truly global, although many aspire to be. For terminal operators, a certain minimum geographical coverage in terms of handling capacity is needed, and for liner shipping companies a minimum fleet slot capacity is likewise required. The increasingly complex pattern of ownership through, for example, shareholdings, suggests that there is a need for a clearer policy towards terminal ownership and shipping capacity provision at the global level, to ensure that a reasonable level of fair competition is maintained. Maritime Economics & Logistics (2003) 5, 393–412. doi:10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100088

Mergers and acquisitions in maritime industry

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