9,153 research outputs found
Infrared perfect absorber based on nanowire metamaterial cavities
An infrared perfect absorber based on gold nanowire metamaterial cavities
array on a gold ground plane is designed. The metamaterial made of gold
nanowires embedded in alumina host exhibits an effective permittivity with
strong anisotropy, which supports cavity resonant modes of both electric dipole
and magnetic dipole. The impedance of the cavity modes matches the incident
plane wave in free space, leading to nearly perfect light absorption. The
incident optical energy is efficiently converted into heat so that the local
temperature of the absorber will increase. Simulation results show that the
designed metamaterial absorber is polarization-insensitive and nearly
omnidirectional for the incident angle.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure
Laboratory Studies of Gas-Grain Processes on Cosmic Dust Analogues
The formation of molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM) takes place both in the gas phase and on surfaces of cosmic dust grains. Gas phase reactions alone are found to be insufficient to account for the observed abundance of molecules such as molecular hydrogen, water, carbon dioxide, methanol as well as many other complex molecules; grain surfaces must be involved as catalysts to explain their formation. In this thesis we study the physical and chemical processes on surfaces of cosmic dust grain analogues in simulated ISM environments. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and is present in many astrobiologically important molecules. The desorption energy of atomic oxygen is a fundamental parameter that enters ISM models because it controls the residence time of this atom on a surface. However, it has not been measured in the laboratory. In this thesis, this parameter is measured by using both an indirect and a direct method. The measured value agrees with model predictions based on astronomical observations. The formation of two oxygen-containing molecules, water and hydroxylamine, is studied next. Water is the main component of ice mantles in dense clouds and is indispensable for the origin of life. Its formation via ozone hydrogenation on an analog of a warm dust grain is studied experimentally. The desorption energy of an important intermediate product in the reaction, the OH radical, is also inferred. Hydroxylamine is a precursor to the formation of glycine, which is the simplest amino acid. The formation of hydroxylamine via the oxidation of ammonia is studied by sequential deposition of ammonia and atomic oxygen and is followed by temperature programmed desorption experiments. The measured high reaction efficiency predicts that ammonia oxidation on grain surfaces could be an important route to hydroxylamine formation. The last chapter of this thesis introduces a rate equation model to simulate surface kinetics, including diffusion and desorption, of atoms and molecules on non-uniform surfaces
The CO and CO Absorption Bands as Tracers of the Thermal History of Interstellar Icy Grain Mantles
Analyses of infrared signatures of CO in water dominated ices in the ISM
can give information on the physical state of CO in icy grains and on the
thermal history of the ices themselves. In many sources, CO was found in
the `pure' crystalline form, as signatured by the splitting in the bending mode
absorption profile. To a large extent, pure CO is likely to have formed
from segregation of CO from a CO:HO mixture during thermal
processing. Previous laboratory studies quantified the temperature dependence
of segregation, but no systematic measurement of the concentration dependence
of segregation is available. In this study, we measured both the temperature
dependence and concentration dependence of CO segregation in CO:HO
mixtures, and found that no pure crystalline CO forms if the CO:HO
ratio is less than 23%. Therefore the segregation of CO is not always a
good thermal tracer of the ice mantle. We found that the position and width of
the broad component of the asymmetric stretching vibrational mode of
CO change linearly with the temperature of CO:HO mixtures,
but are insensitive to the concentration of CO. We recommend using this
mode, which will be observable towards low mass protostellar envelopes and
dense clouds with the James Webb Space Telescope, to trace the thermal history
of the ice mantle, especially when segregated CO is unavailable. We used
the laboratory measured CO profile to analyze the ISO-SWS
observations of ice mantles towards Young Stellar Objects, and the
astrophysical implications are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, ApJ accepte
Formation of hydroxylamine on dust grains via ammonia oxidation
The quest to detect prebiotic molecules in space, notably amino acids,
requires an understanding of the chemistry involving nitrogen atoms.
Hydroxylamine (NHOH) is considered a precursor to the amino acid glycine.
Although not yet detected, NHOH is considered a likely target of detection
with ALMA. We report on an experimental investigation of the formation of
hydroxylamine on an amorphous silicate surface via the oxidation of ammonia.
The experimental data are then fed into a simulation of the formation of
NHOH in dense cloud conditions. On ices at 14 K and with a modest
activation energy barrier, NHOH is found to be formed with an abundance
that never falls below a factor 10 with respect to NH. Suggestions of
conditions for future observations are provided.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure
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