494 research outputs found
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Current State-of-the-Art in the Interface/Surface Modification of Thermoelectric Materials
Thermoelectric (TE) materials are prominent candidates for energy converting applications due to their excellent performance and reliability. Extensive efforts for improving their efficiency in single-/multi-phase composites comprising nano/micro-scale second phases are being made. The artificial decoration of second phases into the thermoelectric matrix in multi-phase composites, which is distinguished from the second-phase precipitation occurring during the thermally equilibrated synthesis of TE materials, can effectively enhance their performance. Theoretically, the interfacial manipulation of phase boundaries can be extended to a wide range of materials. High interface densities decrease thermal conductivity when nano/micro-scale grain boundaries are obtained and certain electronic structure modifications may increase the power factor of TE materials. Based on the distribution of second phases on the interface boundaries, the strategies can be divided into discontinuous and continuous interfacial modifications. The discontinuous interfacial modifications section in this review discusses five parts chosen according to their dispersion forms, including metals, oxides, semiconductors, carbonic compounds, and MXenes. Alternatively, gas- and solution-phase process techniques are adopted for realizing continuous surface changes, like the core–shell structure. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state-of-the-art in the field, while identifying possibilities and obstacles for improving the performance of TE materials
Application of wave based method for predicting the response of coupled vibro-acoustic system with unconstrained damping layer
The Wave Based Method (WBM) is a deterministic prediction method that is computational efficiency as compared to other deterministic prediction techniques in mid-frequency problems. This paper discusses the application of WBM for predicting the dynamic displacement of plate with an unconstrained damping layer based on Kirchhoff theory. Further, the prediction of acoustic response of the coupled vibro-acoustic system with unconstrained damping is realized on the use of WBM. A numerical example is introduced, and the comparison of numerical result obtained by WBM and FEM is acquired. It is seen that the WBM is applicable for vibro-acoustic system with unconstrained damping and is expected to yield faster and more accurate predictions. The limitation of the method caused by simplify hypothesis is described in combination with modelling ways and numerical results
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Water-Free SbOx ALD Process for Coating Bi2Te3 Particle
We developed a water-free atomic layer deposition (ALD) process to homogeneously deposit SbOx using SbCl5 and Sb-Ethoxide as precursors, and report it here for the first time. The coating is applied on Bi2Te3 particles synthesized via the solvothermal route to enhance the thermoelectric properties (i.e., Seebeck coefficient, thermal and electrical conductivity) via interface engineering. The amorphous character of the coating was shown by the missing reflexes on the X-ray diffractograms (XRD). A shift from the oxidation state +III to +V of the Sb species was observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicating increased thickness of the SbOx coating layer. Additionally, a peak shift of the Sb 3d5/2 + O 1s peak indicated increased n-type doping of the material. Electrical measurements of spark plasma-sintered bulk samples confirmed the doping effect on the basis of decreased specific resistivity with increasing SbOx layer thickness. The Seebeck coefficient was improved for the coated sample with 500 cycles of SbOx, while the total thermal conductivity was reduced, resulting in enhancement of the zT. The results distinctly show that surface engineering via powder ALD is an effective tool for improving key properties of thermoelectric materials like electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient
ZeroQuant(4+2): Redefining LLMs Quantization with a New FP6-Centric Strategy for Diverse Generative Tasks
This study examines 4-bit quantization methods like GPTQ in large language
models (LLMs), highlighting GPTQ's overfitting and limited enhancement in
Zero-Shot tasks. While prior works merely focusing on zero-shot measurement, we
extend task scope to more generative categories such as code generation and
abstractive summarization, in which we found that INT4 quantization can
significantly underperform. However, simply shifting to higher precision
formats like FP6 has been particularly challenging, thus overlooked, due to
poor performance caused by the lack of sophisticated integration and system
acceleration strategies on current AI hardware. Our results show that FP6, even
with a coarse-grain quantization scheme, performs robustly across various
algorithms and tasks, demonstrating its superiority in accuracy and
versatility. Notably, with the FP6 quantization, \codestar-15B model performs
comparably to its FP16 counterpart in code generation, and for smaller models
like the 406M it closely matches their baselines in summarization. Neither can
be achieved by INT4. To better accommodate various AI hardware and achieve the
best system performance, we propose a novel 4+2 design for FP6 to achieve
similar latency to the state-of-the-art INT4 fine-grain quantization. With our
design, FP6 can become a promising solution to the current 4-bit quantization
methods used in LLMs
Formation Mechanism of Laser-Driven Magnetized "Pillars of Creation"
Pillars of Creation, one of the most recognized objects in the sky, are
believed to be associated with the formation of young stars. However, so far,
the formation and maintenance mechanism for the pillars are still not fully
understood due to the complexity of the nonlinear radiation
magneto-hydrodynamics (RMHD). Here, assuming laboratory laser-driven
conditions, we studied the self-consistent dynamics of pillar structures in
magnetic fields by means of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)
RMHD simulations, and these results also support our proposed experimental
scheme. We find only when the magnetic pressure and ablation pressure are
comparable, the magnetic field can significantly alter the plasma
hydrodynamics. For medium magnetized cases (),
{the initial magnetic fields undergo compression and amplification. This
amplification results in the magnetic pressure inside the pillar becoming large
enough to support the sides of the pillar against radial collapse due to
pressure from the surrounding hot plasma. This effect is particularly
pronounced for the parallel component (), which is consistent with
observational results.} In contrast, a strong perpendicular ()
magnetic field () almost remains its initial distribution
and significantly suppresses the expansion of blow-off gas plasma, leading to
the inability to form pillar-like structures. The 3D simulations suggest that
the bending at the head of `Column \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1}' in
pillars of creation may be due to the non-parallel magnetic fields. After
similarity scaling transformation, our results can be applied to explain the
formation and maintenance mechanism of the pillars, and can also provide useful
information for future experimental designs
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BIGKnock: fine-mapping gene-based associations via knockoff analysis of biobank-scale data
We propose BIGKnock (BIobank-scale Gene-based association test via Knockoffs), a computationally efficient gene-based testing approach for biobank-scale data, that leverages long-range chromatin interaction data, and performs conditional genome-wide testing via knockoffs. BIGKnock can prioritize causal genes over proxy associations at a locus. We apply BIGKnock to the UK Biobank data with 405,296 participants for multiple binary and quantitative traits, and show that relative to conventional gene-based tests, BIGKnock produces smaller sets of significant genes that contain the causal gene(s) with high probability. We further illustrate its ability to pinpoint potential causal genes at
∼
80
%
of the associated loci
The <i>Sinocyclocheilus</i> cavefish genome provides insights into cave adaptation
BACKGROUND: An emerging cavefish model, the cyprinid genus Sinocyclocheilus, is endemic to the massive southwestern karst area adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. In order to understand whether orogeny influenced the evolution of these species, and how genomes change under isolation, especially in subterranean habitats, we performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses of three species in this genus, S. grahami, S. rhinocerous and S. anshuiensis. These species are surface-dwelling, semi-cave-dwelling and cave-restricted, respectively. RESULTS: The assembled genome sizes of S. grahami, S. rhinocerous and S. anshuiensis are 1.75 Gb, 1.73 Gb and 1.68 Gb, respectively. Divergence time and population history analyses of these species reveal that their speciation and population dynamics are correlated with the different stages of uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We carried out comparative analyses of these genomes and found that many genetic changes, such as gene loss (e.g. opsin genes), pseudogenes (e.g. crystallin genes), mutations (e.g. melanogenesis-related genes), deletions (e.g. scale-related genes) and down-regulation (e.g. circadian rhythm pathway genes), are possibly associated with the regressive features (such as eye degeneration, albinism, rudimentary scales and lack of circadian rhythms), and that some gene expansion (e.g. taste-related transcription factor gene) may point to the constructive features (such as enhanced taste buds) which evolved in these cave fishes. CONCLUSION: As the first report on cavefish genomes among distinct species in Sinocyclocheilus, our work provides not only insights into genetic mechanisms of cave adaptation, but also represents a fundamental resource for a better understanding of cavefish biology. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0223-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Early Second-Trimester Serum MiRNA Profiling Predicts Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one type of diabetes that presents during pregnancy and significantly increases the risk of a number of adverse consequences for the fetus and mother. The microRNAs (miRNA) have recently been demonstrated to abundantly and stably exist in serum and to be potentially disease-specific. However, no reported study investigates the associations between serum miRNA and GDM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We systematically used the TaqMan Low Density Array followed by individual quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to screen miRNAs in serum collected at 16-19 gestational weeks. The expression levels of three miRNAs (miR-132, miR-29a and miR-222) were significantly decreased in GDM women with respect to the controls in similar gestational weeks in our discovery evaluation and internal validation, and two miRNAs (miR-29a and miR-222) were also consistently validated in two-centric external validation sample sets. In addition, the knockdown of miR-29a could increase Insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1) expression level and subsequently the level of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxy Kinase2 (PCK2) in HepG2 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Serum miRNAs are differentially expressed between GDM women and controls and could be candidate biomarkers for predicting GDM. The utility of miR-29a, miR-222 and miR-132 as serum-based non-invasive biomarkers warrants further evaluation and optimization
Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in -tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton
collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against
a boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and
transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 GeV and in the pseudorapidity range . The
data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy
of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb. Triple
differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum
fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also
measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent
fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the
measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into
the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any
supplementary material and additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb
public pages
Study of the decay
The decay is studied
in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of TeV
using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5
collected by the LHCb experiment. In the system, the
state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is
resolved into two narrower states, and ,
whose masses and widths are measured to be where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second
systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a
prompt sample. Evidence of a new
state is found with a local significance of , whose mass and width
are measured to be and , respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode
is found with a significance of
. The relative branching fraction of with respect to the
decay is measured to be , where the first
uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from
the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
additional information, are available at
https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb
public pages
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