Imaging sediment structure: the emerging use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for 3D analysis of sediment structures and internal flow processes

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used for 3D analysis of small-scale porous media structure and internal flow-related processes. It offers notable advantages over traditional sediment sampling (e.g. cores or surface-based scanning) as it is capable of high spatio-temporal resolution of the full 3D volume, including the sub-surface. Similarly, compared to X-Ray tomography, the extensive catalogue of MR pulse sequences typically provides: faster capture for imaging dynamic fluid processes; greater flexibility in resolving chemical species or tracers; and a safer radiation-free methodology. To demonstrate the relevance of this technique in geomorphological research, three exemplar applications are described: porous media structure of gravel bed rivers; measurements of fluid processes within aquifer pores and fractures; and, concentration mapping of contaminants through sand/gravel frameworks. Whilst, this emerging technique offers significant potential for visualizing many other ‘black-box’ processes important to the wider discipline, attention is afforded to discussion of the present constraints of the technique in field-based analysis

Thermophysical properties of HCFC alternatives. Final report, 1 April 1994--31 October 1996

Numerous fluids and fluid mixtures have been identified as promising alternatives to the HCFC refrigerants, but, for many of them, reliable thermodynamic data do not exist. In particular, reliable thermodynamic properties data and models are needed to predict the performance of the new refrigerants in heating and cooling equipment and to design and optimize equipment to be reliable and energy efficient. The objective of the project is to measure, with high accuracy, selected thermodynamic properties data for one pure refrigerant and nine refrigerant blends; these data will be used to fit equations of state and other property models which can be used in equipment design. The new data will fill in gaps in the existing data and resolve problems and differences that exist in and between existing data sets. Most of the studied fluids and blends are potential replacements for HCFC-22 and/or R-502; in addition, one pure fluid and one blend are potential replacements for CFC-13 in low temperature refrigerant applications

First Observation of a Upsilon(1D) State

We present the first evidence for the production of Upsilon(1D) states in the four-photon cascade, Upsilon(3S)-->gamma chib(2P), chib(2P)-->gamma Upsilon(1D), Upsilon(1D)-->gamma chib(1P), chib(1P)-->gamma Upsilon(1S), followed by the Upsilon(1S) annihilation into e+e- or mu+mu-. The signal has a significance of 10.2 standard deviations. The measured product branching ratio for these five decays, (2.5+-0.5+-0.5)x10^(-5), is consistent with the theoretical estimates. The data are dominated by the production of one Upsilon(1D) state consistent with the J=2 assignment. Its mass is determined to be (10161.1+-0.6+-1.6) MeV, which is consistent with the predictions from potential models and lattice QCD calculations. We also searched for Upsilon(3S)-->gammachib(2P), chib(2P)-->gammaUpsilon(1D), followed by either Upsilon(1D)-->eta Upsilon(1S) or Upsilon(1D)-->pi+pi- Upsilon(1S). We find no evidence for such decays and set upper limits on the product branching ratios.Comment: 12 pages postscript,also available through this http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLNS/, submitted to PR

On the origin and evolution of the material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

International audiencePrimitive objects like comets hold important information on the material that formed our solar system. Several comets have been visited by spacecraft and many more have been observed through Earth- and space-based telescopes. Still our understanding remains limited. Molecular abundances in comets have been shown to be similar to interstellar ices and thus indicate that common processes and conditions were involved in their formation. The samples returned by the Stardust mission to comet Wild 2 showed that the bulk refractory material was processed by high temperatures in the vicinity of the early sun. The recent Rosetta mission acquired a wealth of new data on the composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P/C-G) and complemented earlier observations of other comets. The isotopic, elemental, and molecular abundances of the volatile, semi-volatile, and refractory phases brought many new insights into the origin and processing of the incorporated material. The emerging picture after Rosetta is that at least part of the volatile material was formed before the solar system and that cometary nuclei agglomerated over a wide range of heliocentric distances, different from where they are found today. Deviations from bulk solar system abundances indicate that the material was not fully homogenized at the location of comet formation, despite the radial mixing implied by the Stardust results. Post-formation evolution of the material might play an important role, which further complicates the picture. This paper discusses these major findings of the Rosetta mission with respect to the origin of the material and puts them in the context of what we know from other comets and solar system objects

Thermophysical properties of HCFC alternatives. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1995

Numerous fluids and fluid mixtures have been identified as promising alternatives to the HCFC refrigerants, but, for many of them, reliable thermodynamic data do not exist. In particular, reliable thermodynamic properties data and models are needed to predict the performance of the new refrigerants in heating and cooling equipment and to design and optimize equipment to be reliable and energy efficient. The objective of this project is to measure, with high accuracy, selected thermodynamic properties data for, two pure refrigerants and nine refrigerant blends; these data will be used to fit equations of state and other property models which can be used in equipment design. The new data will fill in gaps in the existing data and resolve problems and differences that exist in and between existing data sets. Most of the studied fluids and blends are potential replacements for HCFC-22 and/or R502; in addition, one pure fluid and one blend are potential replacements for CFC-13 in low temperature refrigeration applications

Thermophysical properties of HCFC alternatives. Quarterly report, 1 April 1996--30 June 1996

Numerous fluids and fluid mixtures have been identified as promising alternatives to the HCFC refrigerants, but, for many of them, reliable thermodynamic data do not exist. In particular, reliable thermodynamic properties data and models are needed to predict the performance of the new refrigerants in heating and cooling equipment and to design and optimize equipment to be reliable and energy efficient. The objective of this project is to measure, with high accuracy, selected thermodynamic properties data for two pure refrigerants and nine refrigerant blends; these data will be used to fit equations of state and other property models which can be used in equipment design. The new data will fill in gaps in the existing data and resolve problems and differences that exist in and between existing data sets. Most of the studied fluids and blends are potential replacements for HCFC-22 and/or R502; in addition, one pure fluid and one blend are potential replacements for CFC-13 in low temperature refrigeration applications

Thermophysical properties of HCFC alternatives. Quarterly report, October 1, 1994--December 31, 1994

Numerous fluids and fluid mixtures have been identified as promising alternatives to the HCFC refrigerants, but, for many of them, reliable thermodynamic data do not exist. In particular, reliable thermodynamic properties data and models are needed to predict the performance of the new refrigerants in heating and cooling equipment and to design and optimize equipment to be reliable and energy efficient. The objective of this project is to measure, with high accuracy, selected thermodynamic properties data for two pure refrigerants and nine refrigerant blends; these data will be used to fit equations of state and other property models which can be used in equipment design. The new data will fill in gaps in the existing data and resolve problems and differences that exist in and between existing data sets. Most of the studied fluids and blends are potential replacements for HCFC-22 and/or R502; in addition, one pure fluid and one blend are potential replacements for CFC-13 in low temperature refrigeration applications

Thermophysical properties of HCFC alternatives. Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1995

Numerous fluids and fluid mixtures have been identified as promising alternatives to the HCFC refrigerants, but, for many of them, reliable thermodynamic data do not exist. In particular, reliable thermodynamic properties data and models are needed to predict the performance of the new refrigerants in heating and cooling equipment and to design and optimize equipment to be reliable and energy efficient. The objective of this project is to measure, with high accuracy, selected thermodynamic properties data for two pure refrigerants and nine refrigerant blends; these data will be used to fit equations of state and other property models which can be used in equipment design. The new data will fill in gaps in the existing data and resolve problems and differences that exist in and between existing data sets. Most of the studied fluids and blends are potential replacements for HCFC-22 and/or R502; in addition, one pure fluid and one blend are potential replacements for CFC-13 in low temperature refrigeration applications