Immobilization of glucose isomerase onto radiation synthesized P(AA-co-AMPS) hydrogel and its application

AbstractIsomerization of glucose to fructose was carried out using Glucose isomerase (GI) that immobilized by entrapment into Poly(acrylic acid) P(AA) and Poly(acrylic acid-co-2-Acrylamido 2-methyl Propane sulfonic acid) P(AA-co-AMPS) polymer networks, the enzyme carriers were prepared by radiation induced copolymerization in the presence of (Methylene-bisacrylamide) (MBAA) as a crosslinking agent. The maximum gel fraction of pure P(AA) and P(AA-co-AMPS) hydrogel was found to be 95.2% and 89.6% for P(AA) and P(AA-co-AMPS), respectively at a total dose of 20 kGy. Effects of immobilization conditions such as radiation dose, MBAA concentration, comonomer composition and amount of GI were investigated. The influence of reaction conditions on the activity of immobilized GI were studied, the optimum pH value of the reaction solution is 7.5 and reaction temperature is 65 °C. The immobilized GI into P(AA-co-AMPS) and P(AA) polymer networks retained 81% and 69%, respectively of its initial activity after recycled for 15 times while it retained 87% and 71%, respectively of its initial activity after stored at 4 °C for 48 days. The Km values of free and immobilized GI onto P(AA-co-AMPS) and onto P(AA) matrices were found to be 34, 29.2 and 14.5 mg/mL, respectively while the Vmax Values calculated to be 3.87, 1.6 and 0.79 mg/mLmin, respectively. GI entrapped into P(AA-co-AMPS) hydrogel show promising behavior that may be useful as the newly glucose isomerase reactor in biomedical applications

Association of serum Leptin and Adiponectin with Atherosclerosis in obese and non-obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients

Abstract: Obesity is a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and many other chronic diseases The current study was designed to investigate the endogenous mechanism by which obesity may increase the risk of CVD by examining whether serum adiponectin, Leptin or insulin mediate the association of obesity and type2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in Egyptian adult patients. Patients and Methods: This study included 82 subjects, 30 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and 52 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes together with coronary artery disease (CAD) together with another group having CAD without diabetes. They were classified according to their body mass index (BMI) into obese and non-obese groups, also 25 healthy volunteers were considered as controls. All patients were subjected to anthropometric assessment and laboratory determination of serum Adiponectin, Leptin, insulin and glucose. Insulin resistance was established by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) Differences in clinical or laboratory parameters among groups were compared by using one-way ANOVA test. Results revealed highly significant decrease in Adiponectin levels and highly significant increase in serum Leptin in non obese groups (G1 (T2D), G2 (CAD) and G3 (T2D+ CAD) as compared to controls. However, there were no statistical variations between non obese groups when compared to each others. HOMA-IR showed highly significant increase in non obese groups as compared to both controls and each other. Also, the results showed high significant decrease in Adiponectin and highly significant increase in Leptin in obese groups (G4 (T2D), G5 (CAD) and G6 (T2D+CAD) when compared to controls. However, there were no statistical variations between obese groups when compared to each others as regard Adiponectin, while Leptin showed statistical increase between (G4) and (G5) groups when compared to each others, HOMA-IR showed highly significant increase in the two obese groups only (G4 and G6) as compared to controls, while there was no significant variation in (G5) when compared to controls. Moreover, there was a significant increase in all obese groups when compared to each other. Also, there was significant correlation between serum Adiponectin and Leptin in obese DM patients. Conclusion: The coexistence of correlation between serum leptin and Adiponectin levels in addition to increase of serum leptin and decrease serum Adiponectin levels in obese DM patients in the current study; support the hypothesis of their susceptibility to atherosclerosis

Nanoparticles induce genetic, biochemical, and ultrastructure variations in Salvadora persica callus

Abstract Background Salvadora persica is an endangered medicinal plant due to difficulties in its traditional propagation. It is rich in bioactive compounds that possess many pharmaceutical, antimicrobial activities and widely used in folk medicine. The current study aims at in vitro propagation of Salvadora persica and the application of different nanoparticles (NPs) to induce the synthesis of bioactive and secondary metabolites within the plant. The cellular and genetic responses to the application of different NPs were evaluated. Results The impact of nanoparticles NPs (ZnO, SiO2, and Fe3O4) on callus growth of Salvadora persica and the production of its active constituent benzyl isothiocyanate was examined, regarding some oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and genetic variabilities. An encouraging impact of 0.5 mg/l ZnO NPs on benzyl isothiocyanate production was shown reaching up to 0.905 mg/g callus fresh weight in comparison to 0.539 mg/g in control callus. This was associated with decreasing hydrogen peroxide content and increasing superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. The deposition of the NPs on cellular organelles was detected using a transmission microscope. Fifteen Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers detected an overall, 79.1% polymorphism among different treatments. A reduction in genomic DNA template stability (GTS) was made and was more pronounced in higher doses of different NPs. Conclusion This study is a stepping stone in developing a productive protocol for in vitro production of benzyl isothiocyanate from Salvadora persica using NPs as a valuable anticancer compound

Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of Formal and Non-Formal System of Primary Teacher Certificate Programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of

Abstract This research study is a descriptive analysis of the cost effectiveness of formal and nonformal system of Primary Teacher Certificate (PTC) programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this research the Allama Iqbal Open University PTC trainees and conventional PTC trainees were considered as a population of the study, their time duration of the course, courses admission system, cost effectiveness, teacher training, job opportunities, examination system, and follow up study were investigated. Specific indicators were used to determine the extent to which these components contributed to the efficient running of teacher education programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Language in India www.languageinindia.com As for the objectives of the study were concerned, the following were focused upon: to compare the inputs for producing PTC teachers by formal and non-formal system, to compare the characteristics of PTC trained teachers by formal and non-formal system to be taken in equal numbers, to identify the needs of non-formal education in the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to determine the cost effectiveness of non-formal PTC teachers. Data was collected through survey and questionnaires. The following results were made by the researcher in the light of analysis of data. Majority of the PTC pass-outs were confronted with the problems, like inadequacy of trained teachers and lack of computers and Internet facilities. There is a wide spectrum of issues relating to the lack of well-integrated media with content difficulties and learning from media and the lack of provision of guidance and counselling. This study is significant as it deals with training of PTC teachers by formal and nonformal system. On the basis of the previous research studies and insight of general literature, the following hypothesis was drawn to be tested by the present study: The costeffectiveness of open education is not greater than the cost of regular system

Acute and chronic saturated fatty acid treatment as a key instigator of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response in human adipose tissue, in vitro

A post-prandial increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and glucose (Glc) activates an inflammatory response, which may be prolonged following restoration of physiological SFAs and Glc levels — a finding referred to as ‘metabolic memory'. This study examined chronic and oscillating SFAs and Glc on the inflammatory signalling pathway in human adipose tissue (AT) and adipocytes (Ads) and determined whether Ads are subject to “metabolic memory.” Abdominal (Abd) subcutaneous (Sc) explants and Ads were treated with chronic low glucose (L-Glc): 5.6 mM and high glucose (H-Glc): 17.5 mM, with low (0.2 mM) and high (2 mM) SFA for 48 h. Abd Sc explants and Ads were also exposed to the aforementioned treatment regimen for 12-h periods, with alternating rest periods of 12 h in L-Glc. Chronic treatment with L-Glc and high SFAs, H-Glc and high SFAs up-regulated key factors of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway in Abd Sc AT and Ads (TLR4, NFκB; P<.05), whilst down-regulating MyD88. Oscillating Glc and SFA concentrations increased TLR4, NFκB, IKKβ (P<.05) in explants and Ads and up-regulated MyD88 expression (P<.05). Both tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 (P<.05) secretion were markedly increased in chronically treated Abd Sc explants and Ads whilst, with oscillating treatments, a sustained inflammatory effect was noted in absence of treatment. Therefore, SFAs may act as key instigators of the inflammatory response in human AT via NFκB activation, which suggests that short-term exposure of cells to uncontrolled levels of SFAs and Glc leads to a longer-term inflammatory insult within the Ad, which may have important implications for patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes