Who Uses Free Trade Agreements?

It is noted that utilization of ASEAN Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) is low by international standards. In order to clarify the reasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates in ASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data. Our findings are as follows. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified the origins of its procurements, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second, affiliates that export actively to countries with higher general tariffs are more likely to use FTAs. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization depending affiliates, locations and sectors.

Who Uses FTAs?

It is noted that utilization of AFTA is low by international standards. In order to clarify the reasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates in ASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data. Our findings are as follow. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified its procurements’ origins are, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second, affiliates exporting actively to developing countries are more likely to use FTAs than those exporting to developed countries. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization depending on affiliates’ locations and sectors. These results afford a clue to the reasons for the low FTA utilization in East Asia.FTA, Micro data, ASEAN, International trade, Regional economic cooperation, International economic integration

Who Uses FTAs?

It is noted that utilization of AFTA is low by international standards. In order to clarify thereasons for such low utilization, this paper investigates what kinds of Japanese affiliates inASEAN are more likely to use FTAs in their exporting, by employing unique affiliate-level data.Our findings are as follow. First, the larger the affiliate is, or the more diversified itsprocurements’ origins are, the more likely it is to utilize an FTA scheme in its exporting. Second,affiliates exporting actively to developing countries are more likely to use FTAs than thoseexporting to developed countries. Third, there are clear differences in FTA utilization dependingon affiliates’ locations and sectors. These results afford a clue to the reasons for the low FTAutilization in East Asia

measurement of the 30 s α system for type i x ray bursts

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Supernova Nucleosynthesis, Radioactive Nuclear Reactions and Neutrino-Mass Hierarchy

The ν-process nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae is a sensitive probe of unknown neutrino mass hierarchy through the MSW effect. We carefully studied the uncertainties of almost one hundred ν-induced and nuclear reactions associated with the nucleosynthesis and found that the ν-16O and 11C(α,p)14N reactions among them have the biggest effect on the final 7Li/11B isotopic abundance ratio. The neutrino mass hierarchy is constrained in our nucleosynthetic method with measured 7Li/11B value in SiC-X presolar grains. The inverted hierarchy is statistically more favored at the 2-σ C.L. [1]

Deep Water PAH Cycling in the Japan Basin (the Sea of Japan)

A vertical pattern of fractionated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was studied in the Japan Basin in the Sea of Japan. The highest PAH concentration was found in the mesopelagic realm, possibly resulting from deep convection and/or subduction of intermediate water and its biogeochemical setting in the western Japan Basin. Using 226Ra and 228Ra as tracers revealed the PAH load in the open sea from the coastal polluted water. Dissolved PAHs (DPAH, fraction < 0.5 µm) were significantly prevalent particulate PAHs (PPAH, fraction > 0.5 µm) at all depths, associated with a predominance of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over particulate organic carbon (POC). Hydrophobicity was more important for higher-molecular-weight PAHs to be distributed between particles and the solution, while the high Koc of low-molecular-weight PAHs indicated that their partitioning was driven by other factors, such as adsorbing of soot particles. PPAH and DPAH profiles differed from the POC and DOC profiles; nevertheless, a positive moderate correlation was found for DPAH and DOC for depths below the epipelagic, suggesting the similarity of the mechanisms of input of dissolved organic matter and DPAH into the deep interior of the Sea of Japan. The PAH flux calculations showed that biological pumps and overturning circulation contribute almost equally to removing PAHs from the bathypelagic waters of the Japan Basin

Supplemental Material, FigureS2 - The Association Between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Scores and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis During the First Week: The JSEPTIC DIC Study

<p>Supplemental Material, FigureS2 for The Association Between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Scores and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis During the First Week: The JSEPTIC DIC Study by Tsuyoshi Nakashima, Kyohei Miyamoto, Toshio Shimokawa, Seiya Kato, and Mineji Hayakawa in Journal of Intensive Care Medicine</p

Supplementary_table_1 - The Association Between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Scores and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis During the First Week: The JSEPTIC DIC Study

<p>Supplementary_table_1 for The Association Between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Scores and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis During the First Week: The JSEPTIC DIC Study by Tsuyoshi Nakashima, Kyohei Miyamoto, Toshio Shimokawa, Seiya Kato, and Mineji Hayakawa in Journal of Intensive Care Medicine</p