Dense overflow into a large silled embayment: Tidal modulation, fronts and basin modes

A dense bottom overflow into a 100-km scale silled embayment has been observed for a 70-day period using a coherent array of current meters and thermistor chains. As the internal Rossby radius is less than the width of the bay, the overflow is controlled by rotational dynamics. The flow is strongly modulated by the tide at diurnal, semi-diurnal and fortnightly periods. This causes a series of cold temperature fronts, associated with separate overflow events, to pass through the mooring array. The overflow is also modulated at periods of 2–3 days. This appears to be associated with the interaction of the density current with bottom-trapped waves, or possibly with interior basin modes. It appears that the forcing of the oscillation is associated with the wind, which also contains a 3-d signal

A systematic review of protocol studies on conceptual design cognition: design as search and exploration

This paper reports findings from the first systematic review of protocol studies focusing specifically on conceptual design cognition, aiming to answer the following research question: What is our current understanding of the cognitive processes involved in conceptual design tasks carried out by individual designers? We reviewed 47 studies on architectural design, engineering design and product design engineering. This paper reports 24 cognitive processes investigated in a subset of 33 studies aligning with two viewpoints on the nature of designing: (V1) design as search (10 processes, 41.7%); and (V2) design as exploration (14 processes, 58.3%). Studies on search focused on solution search and problem structuring, involving: long-term memory retrieval; working memory; operators and reasoning processes. Studies on exploration investigated: co-evolutionary design; visual reasoning; cognitive actions; and unexpected discovery and situated requirements invention. Overall, considerable conceptual and terminological differences were observed among the studies. Nonetheless, a common focus on memory, semantic, associative, visual perceptual and mental imagery processes was observed to an extent. We suggest three challenges for future research to advance the field: (i) developing general models/theories; (ii) testing protocol study findings using objective methods conducive to larger samples and (iii) developing a shared ontology of cognitive processes in design

Systematic literature review of hand gestures used in human computer interaction interfaces

Gestures, widely accepted as a humans' natural mode of interaction with their surroundings, have been considered for use in human-computer based interfaces since the early 1980s. They have been explored and implemented, with a range of success and maturity levels, in a variety of fields, facilitated by a multitude of technologies. Underpinning gesture theory however focuses on gestures performed simultaneously with speech, and majority of gesture based interfaces are supported by other modes of interaction. This article reports the results of a systematic review undertaken to identify characteristics of touchless/in-air hand gestures used in interaction interfaces. 148 articles were reviewed reporting on gesture-based interaction interfaces, identified through searching engineering and science databases (Engineering Village, Pro Quest, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science). The goal of the review was to map the field of gesture-based interfaces, investigate the patterns in gesture use, and identify common combinations of gestures for different combinations of applications and technologies. From the review, the community seems disparate with little evidence of building upon prior work and a fundamental framework of gesture-based interaction is not evident. However, the findings can help inform future developments and provide valuable information about the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches. It was further found that the nature and appropriateness of gestures used was not a primary factor in gesture elicitation when designing gesture based systems, and that ease of technology implementation often took precedence

GPNet: Simplifying Graph Neural Networks via Multi-channel Geometric Polynomials

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a promising deep learning approach for circumventing many real-world problems on graph-structured data. However, these models usually have at least one of four fundamental limitations: over-smoothing, over-fitting, difficult to train, and strong homophily assumption. For example, Simple Graph Convolution (SGC) is known to suffer from the first and fourth limitations. To tackle these limitations, we identify a set of key designs including (D1) dilated convolution, (D2) multi-channel learning, (D3) self-attention score, and (D4) sign factor to boost learning from different types (i.e. homophily and heterophily) and scales (i.e. small, medium, and large) of networks, and combine them into a graph neural network, GPNet, a simple and efficient one-layer model. We theoretically analyze the model and show that it can approximate various graph filters by adjusting the self-attention score and sign factor. Experiments show that GPNet consistently outperforms baselines in terms of average rank, average accuracy, complexity, and parameters on semi-supervised and full-supervised tasks, and achieves competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art model with inductive learning task.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure

Measurements of shoaling internal waves and turbulence in an estuary

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 118 (2013): 273–286, doi:10.1029/2012JC008154.The shoaling of horizontally propagating internal waves may represent an important source of mixing and transport in estuaries and coastal seas. Including such effects in numerical models demands improvements in the understanding of several aspects of the energetics, especially those relating to turbulence generation, and observations are needed to build this understanding. To address some of these issues in the estuarine context, we undertook an intensive field program for 10 days in the summer of 2008 in the St. Lawrence Estuary. The sampling involved shore-based photogrammetry, ship-based surveys, and an array of moorings in the shoaling region that held both conventional and turbulence-resolving sensors. The measurements shed light on many aspects of the wave shoaling process. Wave arrivals were generally phase-locked with the M2 tide, providing hints about far-field forcing. In the deeper part of the study domain, the waves propagated according to the predictions of linear theory. In intermediate-depth waters, the waves traversed the field site perpendicularly to isobaths, a pattern that continued as the waves transformed nonlinearly. Acoustic Doppler velocimeters permitted inference of the turbulent energetics, and two main features were studied. First, during a period of shoaling internal waves, turbulence dissipation rates exceeded values associated with tidal shear by an order of magnitude. Second, the evolving spectral signatures associated with a particular wave-shoaling event suggest that the turbulence is at least partly locally generated. Overall, the results of this study suggest that parameterizations of wave-induced mixing could employ relatively simple dynamics in deep water, but may have to handle a wide suite of turbulence generation and transport mechanisms in inshore regions.The work was supported by the Killam Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.2013-07-3

Covalent attachment of active enzymes to upconversion phosphors allows ratiometric detection of substrates

Upconverting phosphors (UCPs) convert multiple low energy photons into higher energy emission via the process of photon upconversion and offer an attractive alternative to organic fluorophores for use as luminescent probes. Here, UCPs were capped with functionalized silica in order to provide a surface to covalently conjugate proteins with surface?accessible cysteines. Variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the flavoenzyme pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) were then attached via maleimide?thiol coupling in order to allow energy transfer from the UCP to the GFP or flavin cofactor of PETNR, respectively. PETNR retains its activity when coupled to the UCPs, which allows reversible detection of enzyme substrates via ratiometric sensing of the enzyme redox state

Discipline School's Influence to Do Not Bring Cam Handphone Towards Freshment Learns of Student in Junior High School 7 at Kotabumi

DISCIPLINE SCHOOL'S INFLUENCE TO DO NOT BRING CAM HANDPHONE TOWARDS FRESHMENT LEARNS OF STUDENT IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 7 AT KOTABUMI Alex Lendro Juniarto, Adelina Hasyim, Zulyaden Abdulhay ABSTRACT The aimed of this research was to explain how the influence of upright discipline school to do not bring cam handphone toward freshmen learns of student class VII-VIII in Junior High School 7 at Kotabumi on 2011/2012. Method used descriptive method with sample as many as 35 respondents. The main data collecting technique used inquiry. Based on data analyses got result that there upright discipline school to do not bring cam handphone toward freshmen learns of student class VII-VIII in Junior High School 7 at Kotabumi. It proved by Chi Quadrate formulation x2 account was higher than x2 table (x2 account ≥ x2 table) as big as 15,96 ≥ 9,94. Then did comparison between C and Cmax, with result 0,69 and it belonged to high categories based on Sugiyono

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and chemical analysis (EDX and XRF) used in conjunction for cultural conservation: the case of the earliest scientifically described dinosaur Megalosaurus bucklandii

This paper demonstrates the combined use of X-ray computed tomography (XCT), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to evaluate the conservational history of the dentary (lower jaw) of Megalosaurus bucklandii Mantell, 1827, the first scientifically described dinosaur. Previous analysis using XCT revealed that the specimen had undergone at least two phases of repair using two different kinds of plaster, although their composition remained undetermined. Additional chemical analysis using EDX and XRF has allowed the determination of the composition of these unidentified plasters, revealing that they are of similar composition, composed dominantly of ‘plaster of Paris’ mixed with quartz sand and calcite, potentially from the matrix material of the Stonesfield Slate, with the trace presence of chlorine. One of the plasters unusually contains the pigment minium (naturally occurring lead tetroxide; Pb22+Pb4+O4) whilst the other seems to have an additional coating of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), indicating that these likely represent two separate stages of repair. The potential of this combined approach for evaluating problematic museum objects for conservation is further discussed as is its usage in cultural heritage today

Utilizing x-ray computed tomography for heritage conservation : the case of megalosaurus bucklandii

Of key importance to any cultural institution is the practice of conservation, the method by which specimens at risk of severe degradation or destruction are treated to ensure that they survive into the future. However, surface inspection is often insufficient to properly inform conservators of the best treatment approach, and where there is little to no record of the conservational history of an object it can be difficult to identify exactly what form of conservation has been undertaken. X-Ray Computed Tomography (XCT) grants a way to overcome these issues by allowing conservators to non-destructively investigate the subsurface details of an artefact to provide essential information on condition of a specimen. Here, the potential of this approach is demonstrated using the first XCT scans of the iconic dentary of Megalosaurus bucklandii Mantell, 1827 (1); the first dinosaur ever named and described scientifically. XCT analysis reveals that the degree of repair is less extensive than previously thought and also elucidates two different material types, M1 and M2, thought to be representative of at least two phases of repair. Finally the potential of this approach is further explored, highlighting its importance for conservation practice, identifying forgeries and hoaxes in addition to potential applications in public engagement

The role of ECL2 in CGRP receptor activation: a combined modelling and experimental approach

The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is a complex of a calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), which is a family B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1. The role of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CLR in binding CGRP and coupling to Gs was investigated using a combination of mutagenesis and modelling. An alanine scan of residues 271–294 of CLR showed that the ability of CGRP to produce cAMP was impaired by point mutations at 13 residues; most of these also impaired the response to adrenomedullin (AM). These data were used to select probable ECL2-modelled conformations that are involved in agonist binding, allowing the identification of the likely contacts between the peptide and receptor. The implications of the most likely structures for receptor activation are discussed.</jats:p