Gender representation in representive and executive bodies through constitutional quotes, legal and political parties

Gender representation in public institutions is an imediate goal in contemporary democracies. These efforts are being implemented through various forms of lobbying such as: international women's mobility for gender equality, international gender equality associations or through the definition of domestic legislation by applying constitutional, legal and party quotas for the representation of women in public institutions. Some states represent gender representation in executive and executive bodies with constitution, while others with laws. Gender representation in representative bodies through constitutional quotas is more advanced than gender mainstreaming in executive bodies. The efforts of women to be represented in public institutions through voluntary contributions from political parties have encouraged women to be an active part of public life through political parties. Today in the contemporary world, by establishing constitutional, legal or party quotas, a sufficiently satisfying percentage of female gender has been actively integrated into public institutions, gaining mandates of MPs in representative bodies as well as senior positions in government and other bodies executive. Through affirmation of female gender representation in public institutions in some countries of the world we have: Speaker of Parliament, President of the State, Prime Minister and Political Party Leaders.The focus of our work is the manner and level of representation of women in representative and executive bodies through constitutional, legal and party quota

Legal Gaps in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo in Chapter on the President of the Republic

Legal uncertainties and gaps in the legislation of Kosovo are expressed in constitutions, laws and other legal acts. Usually, these shortcomings are few in constitutions as the highest political legal act of a state. However, these defects are noted in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. They can be explicitly distinguished in the chapter on the President of the Republic of Kosovo. These gaps are particularly evident in the case of resignation or death of the President. The articles in the Constitution does not foresees who should exercise the function of the president when the president resigns or dies. Even more unclear situations we have when the president dies or resigns, at the time when the Kosovo Assembly is dissolved. These two situations occurred in Kosovo in 2006 and 2010

Financing Of Political Parties And Electoral Campaigns In The Western Balkans

Functioning of political parties and electoral campaigns is determined by internal legal norms and by international acts. Legal regulation of political party financing and electoral campaigns is one of the key factors to ensure a fair and objective electoral process. These funding within a country must be transparent, regardless of the level of social, political, economic, cultural development, etc. Western Balkan countries have regulated this issue in their own way. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the relationship between public and private financing of political parties and electoral campaigns is not clearly regulated. On the other hand, in Croatia, the expenditures of services in electoral campaigns are not clearly regulated. In Kosovo, the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns is made by the political force that the political party had in the previous elections. In Serbia to cover election spending, the state allocates the sum of 0.07%. In Montenegro and Macedonia, these funds are more precise. Otherwise, in Albania the funding of electoral campaigns is determined by the Electoral Code. The main purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate political parties and electoral campaigns in Western Baltic. The methodology used in this study is comparative research as it covers countries in Balkans.  Through this research we conclude that state bodies in these countries need to do more to increase the transparency of these financial expenses and punish those who exceed legal limits

REFORMING ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES - KOSOVO CONTEXT

Countries in transition, such as Kosovo, have as their primary goal the reform of the administration and administrative law in order to ensure democratic governance. This reform turns out to be directly related to the mechanisms of interaction with citizens. The administrative procedure contains mechanisms that should provide legal certainty to citizens when interacting with state institutions. The legal norm that regulates this mutual interaction between the state and the citizens and its effective implementation is of great importance because it is a source of satisfaction and trust of citizens towards public institutions and vice versa. However, the implementation of the law continues to be one of the major challenges for strengthening institutions in the Kosovo context and, consequently, for advancing the rule of law. This article aims, through the analytical, legal-dogmatic, and qualitative method, to analyze the mechanisms of interaction between citizens and public institutions through the law on general administrative procedure and the legal effects caused by the latter. In this context, it was found that the established practices are not in full compliance with the legal provisions and consequently reflect negatively on the mutual relations between citizens and public institutions

Representative Democracy Elections

The elections legitimize the will of the citizens to represent them in the representative bodies. This legitimacy comes through various forms of electoral processes. These processes take place in various forms, depending on constitutional and legal definitions on the one hand and political culture on the other. Political culture develops parallel to the development of representative democracy. During the development of political pluralism and the multi-party system there are different types of election organization, depending on the elected representative body, the level of power to be elected, the manner of election of the representative bodies and the time of their holding. Based on the elected representative body we have: parliamentary and presidential elections. According to the level of state bodies we choose, we have: local elections and central elections. According to the election method we have: direct and indirect elections. According to certain time intervals we have: regular and extraordinary regular elections. All these types of elections are organized based on the particular electoral legislation, election management and the electorate expressing their free will

Legal Gaps in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo in Chapteer on the President of the Republic

Legal uncertainties and gaps in the legislation of Kosovo are expressed in constitutions, laws and other legal acts. Usually, these shortcomings are few in constitutions as the highest political legal act of a state. However, these defects are noted in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. They can be explicitly distinguished in the chapter on the President of the Republic of Kosovo. These gaps are particularly evident in the case of resignation or death of the President. The article in the Constitution does not foresee who should exercise the function of the president when the president resigns or dies. Even more unclear situations we have when the president dies or resigns, at the time when the Kosovo Assembly is dissolved. These two situations occurred in Kosovo in 2006 and 2010

Gender Representation in Representative and Executive Bodies through Constitutional Quotes, Legal and Political Parties

Gender representation in public institutions is an immediate goal in contemporary democracies. These efforts are being implemented through various forms of lobbying such as: international women's mobility for gender equality, international gender equality associations or through the definition of domestic legislation by applying constitutional, legal and party quotas for the representation of women in public institutions. Some states represent gender representation in executive and executive bodies with constitution, while others with laws. Gender representation in representative bodies through constitutional quotas is more advanced than gender mainstreaming in executive bodies. The efforts of women to be represented in public institutions through voluntary contributions from political parties have encouraged women to be an active part of public life through political parties. Today in the contemporary world, by establishing constitutional, legal or party quotas, a sufficiently satisfying percentage of female gender has been actively integrated into public institutions, gaining mandates of MPs in representative bodies as well as senior positions in government and other bodies executive. Through affirmation of female gender representation in public institutions in some countries of the world we have: Speaker of Parliament, President of the State, Prime Minister and Political Party Leaders. The focus of our work is the manner and level of representation of women in representative and executive bodies through constitutional, legal and party quotas

Elements of State Power and its Territorial Extension

The main objective of this study is the juridical of effect of territorial extension of the state power, where as a rule judicial and political acts such constitution and laws should be three dimensional: land, water and air. This research has been conducted using secondary data drawn from diverse sources such as books, journals, and laws, international acts and pacts. It concludes that the domestic legal acts of a state must be in hierarchy with pacts and international acts, where no international norms of domestic law may challenge the sovereignty of an independent state