557 research outputs found
Robustness of interdependent networks under targeted attack
When an initial failure of nodes occurs in interdependent networks, a cascade
of failure between the networks occurs. Earlier studies focused on random
initial failures. Here we study the robustness of interdependent networks under
targeted attack on high or low degree nodes. We introduce a general technique
and show that the {\it targeted-attack} problem in interdependent networks can
be mapped to the {\it random-attack} problem in a transformed pair of
interdependent networks. We find that when the highly connected nodes are
protected and have lower probability to fail, in contrast to single scale free
(SF) networks where the percolation threshold , coupled SF networks are
significantly more vulnerable with significantly larger than zero. The
result implies that interdependent networks are difficult to defend by
strategies such as protecting the high degree nodes that have been found useful
to significantly improve robustness of single networks.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
Absence of kinetic effects in reaction-diffusion processes in scale-free networks
We show that the chemical reactions of the model systems of A+A->0 and A+B->0
when performed on scale-free networks exhibit drastically different behavior as
compared to the same reactions in normal spaces. The exponents characterizing
the density evolution as a function of time are considerably higher than 1,
implying that both reactions occur at a much faster rate. This is due to the
fact that the discerning effects of the generation of a depletion zone (A+A)
and the segregation of the reactants (A+B) do not occur at all as in normal
spaces. Instead we observe the formation of clusters of A (A+A reaction) and of
mixed A and B (A+B reaction) around the hubs of the network. Only at the limit
of very sparse networks is the usual behavior recovered.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Physical Review Letter
MOBILITY IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL DISORDER POTENTIAL
In this article the one-dimensional, overdamped motion of a classical
particle is considered, which is coupled to a thermal bath and is drifting in a
quenched disorder potential. The mobility of the particle is examined as a
function of temperature and driving force acting on the particle. A framework
is presented, which reveals the dependence of mobility on spatial correlations
of the disorder potential. Mobility is then calculated explicitly for new
models of disorder, in particular with spatial correlations. It exhibits
interesting dynamical phenomena. Most markedly, the temperature dependence of
mobility may deviate qualitatively from Arrhenius formula and a localization
transition from zero to finite mobility may occur at finite temperature.
Examples show a suppression of this transition by disorder correlations.Comment: 10 pages, latex, with 3 figures, to be published in Z. Phys.
Recovery of Interdependent Networks
Recent network research has focused on the cascading failures in a system of
interdependent networks and the necessary preconditions for system collapse. An
important question that has not been addressed is how to repair a failing
system before it suffers total breakdown. Here we introduce a recovery strategy
of nodes and develop an analytic and numerical framework for studying the
concurrent failure and recovery of a system of interdependent networks based on
an efficient and practically reasonable strategy. Our strategy consists of
repairing a fraction of failed nodes, with probability of recovery ,
that are neighbors of the largest connected component of each constituent
network. We find that, for a given initial failure of a fraction of
nodes, there is a critical probability of recovery above which the cascade is
halted and the system fully restores to its initial state and below which the
system abruptly collapses. As a consequence we find in the plane of
the phase diagram three distinct phases. A phase in which the system never
collapses without being restored, another phase in which the recovery strategy
avoids the breakdown, and a phase in which even the repairing process cannot
avoid the system collapse
Scaling theory of transport in complex networks
Transport is an important function in many network systems and understanding
its behavior on biological, social, and technological networks is crucial for a
wide range of applications. However, it is a property that is not
well-understood in these systems and this is probably due to the lack of a
general theoretical framework. Here, based on the finding that renormalization
can be applied to bio-networks, we develop a scaling theory of transport in
self-similar networks. We demonstrate the networks invariance under length
scale renormalization and we show that the problem of transport can be
characterized in terms of a set of critical exponents. The scaling theory
allows us to determine the influence of the modular structure on transport. We
also generalize our theory by presenting and verifying scaling arguments for
the dependence of transport on microscopic features, such as the degree of the
nodes and the distance between them. Using transport concepts such as diffusion
and resistance we exploit this invariance and we are able to explain, based on
the topology of the network, recent experimental results on the broad flow
distribution in metabolic networks.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Inter-similarity between coupled networks
Recent studies have shown that a system composed from several randomly
interdependent networks is extremely vulnerable to random failure. However,
real interdependent networks are usually not randomly interdependent, rather a
pair of dependent nodes are coupled according to some regularity which we coin
inter-similarity. For example, we study a system composed from an
interdependent world wide port network and a world wide airport network and
show that well connected ports tend to couple with well connected airports. We
introduce two quantities for measuring the level of inter-similarity between
networks (i) Inter degree-degree correlation (IDDC) (ii) Inter-clustering
coefficient (ICC). We then show both by simulation models and by analyzing the
port-airport system that as the networks become more inter-similar the system
becomes significantly more robust to random failure.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Inference of the timescale-dependent apparent viscosity structure in the upper mantle beneath Greenland
Contemporary crustal uplift and relative sea level change in Greenland is caused by the response of the solid Earth to ongoing and historical ice mass change. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models, which seek to match patterns of land surface displacement and relative sea level change, typically employ a linear Maxwell viscoelastic model for the Earth’s mantle. In Greenland, however, upper mantle viscosities inferred from ice load changes and other geophysical phenomena occurring over a range of timescales vary by up to two orders of magnitude. Here, we use full-spectrum rheological models to examine the influence of transient deformation within the Greenland upper mantle, which may account for these differing viscosity estimates. We use observations of shear wave velocity combined with constitutive rheological models to self-consistently calculate mechanical properties including the apparent upper mantle viscosity and lithosphere thickness across a broad spectrum of frequencies. We find that the contribution of transient behaviour is most significant over loading timescales of 102–103 years, which corresponds to the timeframe of ice mass loss over recent centuries. Predicted apparent lithosphere thicknesses are also in good agreement with inferences made across seismic, GIA, and flexural timescales. Our results indicate that full-spectrum constitutive models that more fully capture broadband mantle relaxation provide a means of reconciling seemingly contradictory estimates of Greenland’s upper mantle viscosity and lithosphere thickness made from observations spanning a range of timescales
The spectral dimension of random trees
We present a simple yet rigorous approach to the determination of the
spectral dimension of random trees, based on the study of the massless limit of
the Gaussian model on such trees. As a byproduct, we obtain evidence in favor
of a new scaling hypothesis for the Gaussian model on generic bounded graphs
and in favor of a previously conjectured exact relation between spectral and
connectivity dimensions on more general tree-like structures.Comment: 14 pages, 2 eps figures, revtex4. Revised version: changes in section
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