Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Voluntary apnea evokes diving responses in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Two potentially protective responses to apnea were studied in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients; the diving response and the increase in Hb concentration [Hb] via spleen contraction. Eight OSA patients and ten healthy controls performed apneas in air (A) and apneas with facial immersion in 15 A degrees C water (FIA) after inspiration and without prior hyperventilation. In each condition, subjects performed three apneas of maximal voluntary duration spaced by 2 min of rest. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured non-invasively, and venous blood samples for [Hb] analysis were drawn before and after apneas. Mean (SD) apnea durations were similar between groups (NS). In controls, the heart rate (HR) reduction was 10 +/- A 10 % at apnea and 19 +/- A 10 % in FIA (P < 0.05). In OSA patients, however, the fall in HR was the same in both conditions, 13 +/- A 10 and 14 +/- A 8 % for A and FIA, respectively (NS). In controls, the [Hb] increase was the same in A and FIA (2.2 +/- A 2.9 and 2.1 +/- A 2.2 %), while in OSA the [Hb] increase was greater during FIA compared to A (3.3 +/- A 2.2 and 1.4 +/- A 0.9 %; P < 0.05). Apnea induces a diving response and [Hb] increase in both groups. OSA patients did not show the typical training effect of the diving response seen in apnea divers despite their frequent nocturnal apneas. However, they also deviated from normal controls in response pattern; face immersion enhanced the cardiovascular diving response in controls but not in OSA, while the hematological response was enhanced by face immersion only in OSA patients