Life Histories and Ecology of Iowa Midges (Tendipedidae). I. The Genus Tanytarsus

As defined by Edwards (1929) the genus Tanytarsus differs from Chironomus (Tendipes) in its hairy wings, bare squamae, and the horizontal or indistinct radio-medial cross vein (r-m). However, the status of the genus is very unsatisfactory and a revision of the group and its related genera will probably result in placing the species here described into another genus, probably into more than one genus. Moreover, the group has had little attention in this country and there are few types available for comparison. Under the circumstances any attempt to classify specimens is done subject to future corrections. The assignment of the following described specimens, therefore, to one or the other of the species named by various investigators is strictly provisional. But contributions of this kind are badly needed if eventually someone is to revise the group on a satisfactory basis. The author wishes to thank Dr. Robert L. King at whose suggestion these studies were undertaken at Okoboji in 1939 for his continued interest in the work

Limnochironomids in Iowa Including Their Life Histories (Chironomidae-Diptera)

Limnochironomus is a group of the genus Tendipes Meig 1800 (Chironornns Meig 1803). The genus may be described as follows: Wings clear; medio-cubital crossvein absent; front tibial spur absent or indistinct; combs of posterior tibiae composed of basally fused spinules, at least one comb with a spur; fore metatursus longer than the tibia (L.R. greater than 1)

Groundwater seepage landscapes from distant and local sources in experiments and on Mars

© 2014 Author(s). Valleys with theater-shaped heads can form due to the seepage of groundwater and as a result of knickpoint (waterfall) erosion generated by overland flow. This ambiguity in the mechanism of formation hampers the interpretation of such valleys on Mars, particularly since there is limited knowledge of material properties. Moreover, the hydrological implications of a groundwater or surface water origin are important for our understanding of the evolution of surface features on Mars, and a quantification of valley morphologies at the landscape scale may provide diagnostic insights on the formative hydrological conditions. However, flow patterns and the resulting landscapes produced by different sources of groundwater are poorly understood. We aim to improve the understanding of the formation of entire valley landscapes through seepage processes from different groundwater sources that will provide a framework of landscape metrics for the interpretation of such systems. We study groundwater seepage from a distant source of groundwater and from infiltration of local precipitation in a series of sandbox experiments and combine our results with previous experiments and observations of the Martian surface. Key results are that groundwater flow piracy acts on valleys fed by a distant groundwater source and results in a sparsely dissected landscape of many small and a few large valleys. In contrast, valleys fed by a local groundwater source, i.e., nearby infiltration, result in a densely dissected landscape. In addition, valleys fed by a distant groundwater source grow towards that source, while valleys with a local source grow in a broad range of directions and have a strong tendency to bifurcate, particularly on flatter surfaces. We consider these results with respect to two Martian cases: Louros Valles shows properties of seepage by a local source of groundwater and Nirgal Vallis shows evidence of a distant source, which we interpret as groundwater flow from Tharsis

The neural correlates of childhood maltreatment and the ability to understand mental states of others

$\textbf{Background}$: Emotional abuse and emotional neglect are related to impaired interpersonal functioning. One underlying mechanism could be a developmental delay in mentalizing, the ability to understand other people’s thoughts and emotions. $\textbf{Objective}$: This study investigates the neural correlates of mentalizing and the specific relationship with emotional abuse and neglect whilst taking into account the level of sexual abuse, physical abuse and physical neglect. $\textbf{Method}$: The RMET was performed in an fMRI scanner by 46 adolescents (Age: $\textit{M}$ = 18.70, $\textit{SD}$ = 1.46) who reported a large range of emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect. CM was measured using a self-report questionnaire (CTQ). $\textbf{Results}$: Neither severity of emotional abuse nor neglect related to RMET accuracy or reaction time. The severity of sexual abuse was related to an increased activation of the left IFG during mentalization even when controlled for psychopathology and other important covariates. This increased activation was only found in a group reporting both sexual abuse and emotional maltreatment and not when reporting isolated emotional abuse or neglect or no maltreatment. Functional connectivity analysis showed that activation in the left IFG was associated with increased activation in the right insula and right STG, indicating that the IFG activation occurs in a network relevant for mentalizing. $\textbf{Conclusions}$: Being sexually abused in the context of emotional abuse and neglect is related to an increase in activation of the left IFG, which may indicate a delayed development of mirroring other people’s thoughts and emotions. Even though thoughts and emotions were correctly decoded from faces, the heightened activity of the left IFG could be an underlying mechanism for impaired interpersonal functioning when social situations are more complex or more related to maltreatment experiences.This work was supported by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)-E.A.C., VICI-grant [453-14- 001], B.M.E., VIDI-grant [016-085-353], A.L.v.H., Rubicon grant [446-13-006] and by the Royal Society-A.L.v.H., Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship [DH150176]

Differential investment in visual and olfactory brain regions is linked to the sensory needs of a wasp social parasite and its host

Obligate insect social parasites evolve traits to effectively locate and then exploit their hosts, whereas hosts have complex social behavioral repertoires, which include sensory recognition to reject potential conspecific intruders and heterospecific parasites. While social parasites and host behaviors have been studied extensively, less is known about how their sensory systems function to meet their specific selective pressures. Here, we compare investment in visual and olfactory brain regions in the paper wasp Polistes dominula, and its obligate social parasite P. sulcifer, to explore the links among sensory systems,brain and behavior. Our results show significant relative volumetric differences between these two closely related species, consistent with their very different life histories. Social parasites show proportionally larger optic lobes and central complex to likely navigate long-distance migrations and unfamiliar landscapes to locate the specific species of hosts they usurp. Contrastingly, hosts have larger antennal lobes and calyces of the mushroom bodies compared with social parasites, as predicted by their sensory means to maintain social cohesion via olfactory signals, allocate colony tasks, forage, and recognize conspecific and heterospecific intruders. Our work suggests how this tradeoff between visual and olfactory brain regions may facilitate different sensory adaptations needed to perform social and foraging tasks by the host, including recognition of parasites, or to fly long distances and successful host localizing by the social parasite

Earth-like aqueous debris-flow activity on Mars at high orbital obliquity in the last million years

Liquid water is currently extremely rare on Mars, but was more abundant during periods of high obliquity in the last few millions of years. This is testified by the widespread occurrence of mid-latitude gullies: small catchment-fan systems. However, there are no direct estimates of the amount and frequency of liquid water generation during these periods. Here we determine debris-flow size, frequency and associated water volumes in Istok crater, and show that debris flows occurred at Earth-like frequencies during high-obliquity periods in the last million years on Mars. Results further imply that local accumulations of snow/ice within gullies were much more voluminous than currently predicted; melting must have yielded centimetres of liquid water in catchments; and recent aqueous activity in some mid-latitude craters was much more frequent than previously anticipated