Os beneficios da formação continuada e seus reflexos na conduta etica pessoas e profissional dos delegados de policia

Orientadores: Sergio Filardo, Helena de Fatima Nunes SilvaMonografia(Especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná,Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Curso de Especialização Estrategias em Segurança PublicaResumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os benefícios da formação continuada e seus reflexos na conduta ética pessoal e profissional dos Delegados de Polícia. O método utilizado foi o quali-quantitativo, incluindo uma pesquisa de campo aplicada em 20 indivíduos (Delegados de Polícia), profissionais residentes na cidade de Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, cuja idade variou entre 30 e 50 anos, por meio de instrumento de pesquisa (questionário) com 5 questões objetivas e subjetivas. lncluiu ainda a revisão da literatura com consulta em obras jurídicas especializadas de organismos públicos nacionais, artigos, pesquisa em sites da Internet, e outros específicos como o Sistema Scielo, Constituição Federal, Código de Ética dos Delegados de Polícia, Regulamento da Polícia Civil, bem como a observação empírica em campo. As conclusões do estudo permitem relatar que os convênios efetuados entre a lnstituição da Polícia Civil com Universidades públicas e particulares, para o ensino, educação, promoção e produção do conhecimento merecem uma reanálise nas questões-ético-profissionais, no sentido de proporcionar aos Delegados de Polícia uma atualização mais acurada no conhecimento, visando atender as demandas modernas e globalizadas, apresentadas pela ideologia do crime em pleno século XXI. Por fim, que a Secretaria de Segurança Pública oferece cursos que possibilitam em algum grau a formação do profissional enquanto estiver disponível e a serviço do Estado, em favor da sociedade

K-means clustering for support construction in diffractive imaging

A method for constructing an object support based on K-means clustering of the object-intensity distribution is newly presented in diffractive imaging. This releases the adjustment of unknown parameters in the support construction, and it is well incorporated with the Gerchberg and Saxton diagram. A simple numerical simulation reveals that the proposed method is effective for dynamically constructing the support without an initial prior support

Measurement of NET formation in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular chromatin fibers adorned with antimicrobial proteins, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), which are extruded from activated neutrophils. NETosis is the metamorphosis of neutrophils with NET formation that follows decondensation of DNA and rupture of the plasma membrane. Although NETs play important roles in innate immunity, excessive formation of NETs can be harmful to the hosts. Until now, various methods for evaluation of NETs have been reported. Although each has a virtue, the gold standard has not been established. Here we demonstrate a simple, objective, and quantitative method to detect NETs using flow cytometry. This method uses a plasma membrane-impermeable DNA-binding dye, SYTOX Green. SYTOX Greenpositive cells were detected in human peripheral polymorphonuclear cells exposed to a NET inducer, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The number of SYTOX Greenpositive cells was increased depending on the exposure duration and concentrations of PMA. Furthermore, co-localization of MPO and plasma membrane-appendant DNA of SYTOX Green-positive cells was demonstrated. Moreover, a NET inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, could significantly reduce the number of SYTOX Green-positive cells induced by PMA. The collective evidence suggests that SYTOX Green-positive cells include neutrophils that formed NETs. The established method could detect neutrophils that underwent NETosis but not early apoptosis with equivalence in quantification to another well-used image analysis, which is based on fluorescent staining. Additionally, NETs that were formed in vivo were also detectable by this method. It is conceivable that the established method will bring us better understanding of the relation between NETosis and human diseases

Anti-neutrophil extracellular trap antibody in a patient with relapse of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a case report

Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like DNA decorated with antimicrobial proteins, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), which are extruded from activated neutrophils. Although NETs are essential in innate immunity, an excessive formation of NETs has adverse effects, e.g., induction of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), to the hosts. Since ANCA can induce NET formation in the primed neutrophils, a positive feedback loop can be formed between NETs and ANCA, which is called "ANCA-NETs vicious cycle." Case presentation: A 79-year-old Japanese woman developed hydralazine-induced pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis with MPO-ANCA. Although the illness improved after cessation of hydralazine, MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis relapsed 16 months later. Remission was achieved 5 months after beginning of administration of prednisone. In order to determine the involvement of ANCA-NETs vicious cycle in this patient, we examined NET degradation and induction activities in sera obtained at the disease onset (Serum A; MPO-ANCA, 107 IU/ml), at relapse (Serum B; MPO-ANCA, 195 IU/ml), at 3 months after treatment (Serum C; MPO-ANCA, 4.5 IU/ml), and at remission (Serum D; MPO-ANCA, 2.4 IU/ml). NET degradation activity was low in the all sera. NET induction activity was high in Sera A, B, and C but not in D. Additionally, we demonstrated the presence of anti-NET antibody (ANETA) in Sera B and C but not in A or D. Conclusions: The collective findings suggest NET induction potential of ANETA in the present patient and that the ANETA could contribute to the enhancement of NETs resulting in amplification of the ANCA-NETs vicious cycle

The presence of anti-neutrophil extracellular trap antibody in patients with microscopic polyangiitis

Objective Although anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is the major autoantibody in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), previous studies have suggested the presence of anti-neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) antibody in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), one type of AAV. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and pathogenic role of anti-NET antibody (ANETA) in MPA. Methods We examined the presence or absence of ANETA in sera obtained from 19 MPA patients by indirect immunofluorescence. We compared the clinical parameters, including age, sex, myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA, creatinine, C-reactive protein, MPO-DNA complexes, and vasculitis activity, in ANETA-positive and ANETA-negative MPA patients. We investigated the serum NET induction and degradation abilities of ANETA-positive and ANETA-negative MPA patients with reference to healthy controls (n=8). Furthermore, we assessed the relationship of ANETA with the effect of IgG depletion on the serum NET degradation ability. Results ANETA was present in 10 of the 19 MPA patients. There was no significant difference in the clinical parameters in ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative MPA patients. Although the NET induction ability was higher and the NET degradation ability was lower in MPA sera than those in healthy controls, these abilities were not different between ANETA-positive and ANETA-negative MPA sera. Interestingly, the NET degradation ability in some sera with ANETA was markedly increased by IgG depletion. Conclusion Some MPA patients produce ANETA and some ANETA possess an inhibitory function against the serum NET degradation ability. Although further studies are needed, ANETA is worthy of attention for understanding the pathophysiology of MPA

Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Suppresses Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and MPO-ANCA Production

Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis, wherein, MPO-ANCA plays a critical role in the pathogenesis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released from activated neutrophils are composed of extracellular web-like DNA and antimicrobial proteins, including MPO. Diverse stimuli, such as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ligands of toll-like receptors (TLR), induce NETs. Although TLR-mediated NET formation can occur with preservation of living neutrophilic functions (called vital NETosis), PMA-stimulated neutrophils undergo cell death with NET formation (called suicidal NETosis). In the process of suicidal NETosis, histones are citrullinated by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). Since this step is necessary for decondensation of DNA, PAD4 plays a pivotal role in suicidal NETosis. Although NETs are essential for elimination of microorganisms, excessive formation of NETs has been suggested to be implicated in MPO-ANCA production. This study aimed to determine if pan-PAD inhibitors could suppress MPO-ANCA production in vivo. At first, NETs were induced in peripheral blood neutrophils derived from healthy donors (1 × 106/ml) by stimulation with 20 nM PMA with or without 20 μM propylthiouracil (PTU), an anti-thyroid drug. We then determined that the in vitro NET formation was inhibited completely by 200 μM Cl-amidine, a pan-PAD inhibitor. Next, we established mouse models with MPO-ANCA production. BALB/c mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PMA (50 ng at days 0 and 7) and oral PTU (2.5 mg/day) for 2 weeks. These mice were divided into two groups; the first group was given daily i.p. injection of PBS (200 μl/day) (n = 13) and the other group with daily i.p. injection of Cl-amidine (0.3 mg/200 μl PBS/day) (n = 7). Two weeks later, citrullination as an indicator of NET formation in the peritoneum and serum MPO-ANCA titer was compared between the two groups. Results demonstrated that citrullination in the peritoneum was significantly reduced in the Cl-amidine-treated mice compared with the vehicle-injected control mice (38% reduction). Additionally, the serum MPO-ANCA titer of the Cl-amidine-treated mice (32.3 ± 31.0 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in the vehicle-injected mice (132.1 ± 41.6 ng/ml). The collective findings indicate that excessive formation of NETs may be implicated in MPO-ANCA production in vivo

The Presence of Anti-Lactoferrin Antibodies in a Subgroup of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Patients and Their Possible Contribution to Enhancement of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of the antigens of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and functions as an endogenous suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. However, the prevalence and pathogenicity of anti-lactoferrin antibodies (aLf) in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) remain unrevealed. This study aimed to examine the significance of aLf in AAV, initially. Sixty-five sera from AAV patients, including 41 microscopic polyangiitis, 5 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and 19 eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) patients, were subjected to aLf detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical characteristics were compared between aLf-positive and aLf-negative patients. Neutrophils from healthy donors were exposed to suboptimal dose (10 nM) of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with aLf followed by evaluation of NET formation. Results demonstrated that 4 out of 65 AAV sera (6.2%) were positive for aLf. All of them were EGPA sera (4/19, 21.1%). In EGPA, the frequency of renal involvement, serum CRP levels, and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in the aLf-positive patients was significantly higher than those in the aLf-negative patients, and the aLf titer correlated positively with the serum CRP level and BVAS. The NET formation was particularly enhanced by combined stimulation of 10 nM PMA and 1 µg/mL aLf. IgG isolated from sera of the aLf-positive EGPA patients (250 µg/mL) enhanced NET formation induced by 10 nM of PMA, and the effect was abolished completely by absorption of the aLf. This pilot study suggests that aLf enhance NET formation induced by PMA and are associated with disease activity of EGPA