Evaluation of the quality of "pure water" sold in Niamey, Niger

In recent years, sachet water known as "pure water" has gained the confidence of the Nigerien public because of its low price, availability, convenience, and quality perception by consumers. This study highlights the impact of storage on the quality of pure water sold in Niamey. Thus, eleven of the twelve analyzed physicochemical parameters have been monitored during six weeks of "pure water" storage in the sun and at laboratory ambient temperature. From the results obtained, the physicochemical parameters are in norms except the turbidity and the residual chlorine. On the Bacteriological plan, the total germs, the salmonellae, the fecal streptococci and the Escherichia coli have been identified. In addition, the monitoring of the evolution of the parameters analyzed during six weeks of storage revealed a change of the organoleptic quality that appears in the fourth week and a development of Escherichia Coli for the "pure water" exposed in the sun. This study showed, on the one hand, that these "pure water" would be unfit to the human consumption and on the other hand, their storage for a prolonged period and a high temperature affects their qualities. Les eaux conditionnées en sachet plastique, communément appelées "pure water", ont depuis quelques années, gagné la confiance du public nigérien en raison de leur faible prix, leur disponibilité, la commodité, et de la perception de qualité par les consommateurs. Ce travail étudie l’impact du stockage sur la qualité des "pure water" vendues à Niamey. Ainsi, onze parmi les douze paramètres physico-chimiques analysés ont été suivis pendant six semaines de stockage des "pure water" au soleil et à la température ambiante de laboratoire. A l’issue des résultats obtenus, les paramètres physico-chimiques sont dans les normes hormis la turbidité et le chlore résiduel. Sur le plan bactériologique, les germes totaux, les salmonelles, les streptocoques fécaux et les Escherichia colis ont été identifiés. Par ailleurs, le suivi de l’évolution des paramètres analysés pendant six semaines de stockage a révélé une altération de la qualité organoleptique qui se manifeste à la quatrième semaine et un développement des Escherichia colis pour les "pure water" exposées au soleil. Cette étude a montré, d’une part, que ces "pure water" seraient impropres à la consommation humaine et d’autre part, leur stockage pendant une période prolongée et une température élevée affecte leurs qualités

Cahier d'illustrations

Paysages urbains de Niamey Photo 1  - Le fleuve Niger traversant Niamey Large de 600 mètres (et en période de hautes eaux sur la photo), le fleuve Niger traverse Niamey, une ville établie en surplomb sur sa rive gauche. Ce site est choisi en 1900 par l’administration française  : le village de pêcheurs devient poste militaire puis capitale de colonie en 1926. Capitale du Niger indépendant en 1960, avec 34 000 habitants, la concentration des fonctions politiques, administratives et surtout éc..

Synthèse Et Caractérisation De La Structure Du [{4-[(1HBenzo[D]Imidazol-1-Yl)Méthyl]- 1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1 Yl}(Benzamido)Méthyl]Phospho nate De Diéthyle Par La Spectroscopie RMN 1D Et 2D

Le composé [{4-[(1H-benzo[d]imidazol1-yl)méthyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1- yl}(benzamido) méthyl] phosphonate de diéthyle ester synthétisé de façon régiosélective, par une réaction de cycloaddition dipolaire -1,3 entre l’αazidoamino méthylphosphonate de diéthyle et le 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1Hbenzo[d]imidazole. La réaction de cyclisation par Chimie click est réalisée dans un mélange de solvant eau/éthanol (50/50) en présence de sulfate de cuivre pentahydraté et de l’ascorbate de sodium en quantité catalytique. Le dérivé bihétérocyclique de l’analogue phosphonique de la glycine est ainsi obtenu avec un excellent rendement (90%), sous forme de solide blanc après chromatographie sur colonne de gel de silice (acétate d’éthyle/hexane : 1/1) et recristallisation dans un mélange éther/hexane. La caractérisation de la structure attribuée de l’isomère -1,4, a été réalisée par le biais de la spectroscopie RMN 1D et 2D ainsi que sur la base des données de la littérature concernant la réaction de cycloaddition par Chimie Click. La 2D Spectroscopie RMN a joué un rôle fondamentale grâce aux différentes corrélations observées entre les hydrogènes et les carbones adjacents et aussi entre les hydrogènes et les carbones lointains. The compound, diethyl [{4-[(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H1,2,3-triazol-1-yl} (benzamido)methyl]phosphonate, was prepared in a regioselective manner, through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between αazidoaminomethyl phosphonate and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1Hbenzo[d]imidazole. The cyclization reaction by click chemistry was carried out in a water/ethanol solvent mixture (50/50), in the presence of copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium ascorbate in catalytic quantities. The biheterocyclic derivative of the phosphonic analog of glycine was obtained with an excellent yield (90%), as a white solid after chromatography on a silica gel column (ethyl acetate/hexane: 1/1) and recrystallization in an ether/hexane mixture. The characterization of the structure of the resulting 1,4-isomer was performed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as on the basis of data from the literature concerning the cycloaddition reaction by Chemistry Click. The 2D NMR Spectroscopy played a fundamental role through different correlations observed between the hydrogens and adjacent carbons and also between hydrogens and distant carbons

Spatial dynamic of mobile dunes, soil crusting and Yobe’s bank retreat in the Niger’s Lake Chad basin part: Cases of Issari and Bagara

The process of desertification is accelerated in the northern part of Lake Chad basin since the early 1970. Those processes linked to the recurrent drought and a heavy human pressure induced a great environmental damages. So this study based on diachronic cartography (1957, 1975 and 2007) aimed to describe and quantify the degradation dynamics in the contrasting Niger’s Lake Chad basin part. Thus significant environmental changes have been observed in this area from 1957 to 2007. Indeed in the Manga, the natural commodities and fields were threatened by mobile dunes making blocking with sand: the mobile dunes spread from ~200 ha in 1975 to ~900 ha in 2007 while they had not watched in 1957. In the fluvio-deltaic area of Kadzell, the soil crusting and the Yobe River retreat remain the major damages. The crusting area has been multiplied by more than two while the lateral migration of the Yobe bank reached near of 3 m.yr-1. This study highlights the key role of man in the process of degradation related to climate parametersKey words: Lake Chad, degradation dynamics, soil crusting, dunes, human activities

Insuffisance Rénale Aigue Obstétricale : Expérience De La Maternité Issaka GAZOBY De Niamey (Niger)

Introduction Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious obstetric complication of pregnancy, a real health problem in developing countries. It is more related to the pathologies of pregnancy affecting the mother rather than the fetus. The purpose of our study was to assess sociodemographic, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary features in obstetric acute renal failure. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study of 6 months (August 2015- January 2016) was conducted. The study involved pregnant women over 20- week amenorrhea including the immediate postpartum admitted for acute renal failure. Results: Thirty-two patients were involved. The mean age was 25.21 ± 5.14 years. Most of them were first-time mothers (53.1%). Surrounding hospital exits account for 71.9% of the admissions. 31.25% (N = 10) of the patients did not receive any antenatal care. The main clinical signs at admission were hypertension (86.6%), oliguria (40.5%) and edema syndrome (37.5%). Eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia represented the causes of the ARF in 68.75% cases. Considering 8 patients (25%) who were supposed to undergo dialysis therapy, only one took the treatment. The average hospital stay was 15.20 ± 7.45 days. Renal function resolved in 68.75% of patients and 15.62% developed chronic renal sequelae. At the end of the study, we recorded 5 cases of maternal deaths and 10 cases of fetal death in utero. Conclusion: Obstetric ARF remains a serious complication of pregnancy for mother and child. It should be noted that hemodialysis was not accessible to all patients who were entitled to it due to lack of financial means. Therefore, regular monitoring of pregnancies should be prioritized, and, if possible, ensure that hemodialysis sessions are funded

A roadmap for kidney care in Africa: An analysis of International Society of Nephrology–Global Kidney Health Atlas Africa data describing current gaps and opportunities

Delivery of kidney care in Africa is significantly constrained by various factors. In this review, we used International Society of Nephrology–Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN–GKHA) data for Africa to address sub-regional differences in care delivery in the continent with focus on infrastructure, workforce, and the economic aspects of kidney care. Forty two African countries participated in the survey conducted in 2018. North Africa had the highest proportions of nephrologists [12.53 per million population (pmp)], nephrology trainees (2.19 pmp) and haemodialysis (HD) centres (8.58 pmp); whereas southern Africa had the highest proportions of peritoneal dialysis (PD) centres (0.89 pmp) and kidney transplant (KT) centres (0.29 pmp); West Africa had the greatest nephrology workforce shortages. The annual median costs of HD (US$22,731 [interquartile range (IQR): US$1,560–43,902]) and PD (US$34,165 [US$34,165–34,165]) were highest in Central Africa and only Algeria, Egypt and South Africa reported zero co-payment for all modalities of kidney replacement therapy in the public sector. Policies on chronic kidney disease and non-communicable diseases were scarcely available across all African sub-regions. The ISN–GKHA African data highlight a stark difference in kidney care measures between North and sub-Saharan Africa and also suggest the need for a more cohesive approach to policy formulations that support and protect patients with kidney disease in the continent, especially from the excessive costs associated with care. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan for noncommunicable diseases, this paper proposes an African roadmap for optimal kidney care

Paramètres démographiques des troupeaux ovins Peulhs du Niger

Sheep represent 26.1% of the national herd (50,528,782 animals) in 2019 and have an importance in the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of Niger. The study aims to analyze the demographic parameters of Nigerien Fulani Sheep. Thus, a cross-sectional survey on the knowledge of breeders was carried out. The study carried out over two periods of two successive years with 88 and 100 breeders respectively in 2018 and 2019 focused on the structure (distribution of herds by size, inventory of animals, percentage of animals by sex and class of age) and reproduction of the herd (the number of births, abortions, stillbirths, live births), entries and exits of animals during the last twelve months. The farmers surveyed were chosen according to the following criteria: be a head of household or his deputy; have a homogeneous herd of Peulh Sheep of size; and be available to answer questions. The study was carried out in four villages in Mehanna commune. The farms were characterized by an exploitation rate of 0.36 ± 0.02 (2017) and 0.25 ± 0.01 (2018) and a natural death rate (0.07 ± 0.01) of the juveniles-sub-adults over both years. The outflow of animals (0.24 ± 0.01 and 0.17 ± 0.01) was greater than that of the inflow (0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01) respectively for the year 2017 and 2018, with a destocking of adult males. The results from this study will serve as a database for the development of sustainable sheep management strategy. Keywords: 12MO survey, Sheep farming, Herd dynamics, Fulani sheep, NigerLes ovins représentent 26,1% du cheptel national (50 528 782 têtes) en 2019 et jouent un rôle important dans la vie socioéconomique et culturelle nigérienne. L’étude a pour objectif d’analyser les paramètres démographiques des Moutons Peulhs nigériens. Ainsi, une enquête transversale portant sur la connaissance des éleveurs, a été réalisée. L’étude menée sur deux périodes de deux années successives auprès de 88 et 100 éleveurs respectivement en 2018 et 2019 a porté sur la structure (distribution des troupeaux par taille, l’inventaire des animaux, % d’animaux par sexe et classe d’âge) et la reproduction du troupeau (le nombre de mis bas, d’avortement, de mort-né, de né vivant), les entrées et les sorties d’animaux lors des douze derniers mois. Les éleveurs enquêtés ont été choisis selon les critères suivants: être un chef de ménage ou son suppléant; avoir un troupeau homogène de Mouton Peulh de taille; et être disponible à répondre aux questions. L’étude a été réalisée dans quatre villages de la commune de Méhanna. Les élevages étaient marqués par un taux d’exploitation de 0,36 ± 0,02 (2017) et 0,25 ± 0,01 (2018) et un taux de mort naturelle (0,07 ± 0,01) des juvéniles-sub-adultes sur les deux années. Le flux sortant des animaux (0,24 ± 0,01 et 0,17 ± 0,01) est supérieur à celui des entrées (0,11 ± 0,01 et 0,08 ± 0,01) respectivement pour l’année 2017 et 2018, avec un déstockage des mâles adultes. Les informations de cette étude serviront de base pour l’élaboration de stratégies durables de gestion des ovins.  Mots clés: Enquête 12MO, Exploitation ovine, Dynamique du troupeau, Moutons Peulhs, Nige

Diethyl [(4-{(9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl}-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)(benzamido)methyl]phosphonate

The title compound, diethyl [(4-{(9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl}-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)(benzamido)methyl]phosphonate, was synthesized with excellent yield and high regioselectivity through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the α-azido diethyl amino methylphosphonate and the heterocyclic alkyne, 9-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-9H-carbazole. The cyclization reaction by “click chemistry” was carried out in a water/ethanol solvent mixture (50/50), in the presence of copper sulfate pentahydrate and catalytic sodium ascorbate. The characterization of the structure of the resulting 1,4-regioisomer was performed by 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis