Dispersion potentials of paramagnetic atoms in the presence of magnetoelectric media

The formulae of single-atom and two-atom vdW potential of ground-state electric atoms in the presence of arbitrary arrangements of linear magneto-electric bodies have been generalized to atoms with both electric and magnetic polarizabilities within the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics. To this end, we have extended an existing quantization scheme for a system consisting of a medium-assisted electromagnetic field and an atom with spinless constituents to a many-atom case, where in order to account for the paramagnetic atom-field interactions correctly, the spin of the constituents of the atoms are involved. The quantization is followed by introducing a Hamiltonian whose consistency is examined by showing that it leads to the dynamical Maxwell equations and Newton equation of motion as the equations of motion for the electromagnetic field and for the charged particles, respectively. For the cases where the atoms under consideration are embedded in host media, the local-field corrections to the vdW potentials are presented using the real-cavity model. The corrections come into effect via frequency-dependent factors, which depend on the magneto-electric properties of the media at the location of the atoms. In all the examples throughout this work the consistency of the obtained expressions for the potentials with the electromagnetic duality principle is verified. In particular, in the cases where the atoms are embedded in host magneto-electric media, the local-field corrections are required to this end. To illustrate the effect of the bodies on the vdW interaction potential some numerical results are presented. Finally, the body-induced enhancement or reduction of the vdW interatomic potential (shown by the numerical results) in the nonretarded limit are interpreted, qualitatively, exploiting the method of image-charges

Methodology of the Commentary Makhzan Al-‘Irfān by Lady Amin (Regarding the Interpretation of the Verses Related to “Women” in the Qur'an)

This descriptive-analytical research is devoted to the review of the methodology and interpretive approach of Lady Nusrat Begum Amin in her commentary of Makhzan al-‘Irfān. The results show that Lady Amin, considering various narrations that confirm and encourage the use of the Qur’an in interpretation, has widely used the interpretive method of Qur'an by Qur'an. Narrations, as the second source of interpreting the Qur'an, have played a significant role in this commentary as well. In addition, the use of the source of reason (aql) and rational arguments is also often seen in the interpretation of verses to the extent that sometimes the commentator prefers the rule of reason to the appearance (zāhir) of the verse and commentators’ opinions. In this commentary, sufficient attention has been paid to the role of Arabic literature for interpreting the Qur'an, since in its different places, morphological and syntactic issues have been used extensively and the interpreter sometimes mentions the use of rhetorical methods in the verses. There are also many philosophical issues in this book, which itself proves the author's profound philosophical knowledge. The commentator has also tried to discover the esoteric meanings of the verses of the Qur'an, noting that in discovering the esoteric meanings, she has paid attention to the appearance of the verses and has taken very cautious steps in this field. In this commentary, theological and doctrinal issues are also discussed in detail along with some verses. Theological discussions are in some cases with an independent title and in some cases in the form of questions and answers. In her commentary, Lady Amin has dealt with jurisprudential issues very little and only for a brief explanation of the verses. Considering the prominent role of different interpretive methods and approaches, her interpretation can be considered as a comprehensive one. In interpreting the verses related to women in the Qur'an, Lady Amin has emphasized paying attention to the types of inherent and non-intrinsic differences between men and women. He stressed the need to pay attention to these differences in providing a correct interpretation of verses related to women

Effect of Inoculation Place of Frozen Semen on Fertility Rate in Synchronized Afshari Ewes

The aim of the present study was to perform laparoscopic inoculation of frozen semen and to determine the fertility rate after laparoscopic inoculation into one or both uterine horns regardless of the ovulation site in Afshari ewes. This study was performed in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces for about 4 years in- and out-of-breeding season. The studied animals included 11533 Afshari ewes (age range 2-6 years) with an average weight of 57.3 ± 4.1 kg and the body condition score (BCS) of 3.1 ± 0.1. The results of this study showed that fertility varied between years, but these changes were not significant. Significant differences were found between seasons. The highest fertility was observed in spring and summer compared to autumn and winter (