2 research outputs found

    Ramy prawne referendum w ira艅skim kontek艣cie konstytucyjnym

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    In democratic regimes, the participation of citizens in the enforcement of political power constitutes the keystone of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Allowing and valuing the popular will in the political management of a country is necessary for the continuation of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Hence, political systems are still exploring the methods of establishing direct democracy in parallel to representative democracy. Referendum is a form of establishing direct democracy that is based on public votes on political and legal affairs. The legal organization of different kinds of direct democracy is explained in the constitutions. Among the methods of direct democracy, only referendums on the amendment of the constitution, political referendums, and legislative referendums have been recognized in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although a referendum on the establishment of the Islamic Republic political system and a referendum on the amendment of the Constitution have been held in the legal history of Iran, no legislative referendum has been conducted so far. Senior state officials may propose a referendum and referendums can be held on special and critically important occasions. Regarding the theocratic nature of the Iranian political system, the validity of referendums is contingent upon non-contradiction between the subject of the referendum and the principles of Islamic law. This article explores the legal dimensions of conducting referendums in the Iranian constitutional context with a descriptive-analytical approach.W re偶imach demokratycznych udzia艂 obywateli w egzekwowaniu w艂adzy politycznej stanowi podstaw臋 suwerenno艣ci. Zezwolenie i docenienie woli ludu w politycznym zarz膮dzaniu krajem jest konieczne dla utrzymania legitymacji suwerenno艣ci. Dlatego systemy polityczne wci膮偶 badaj膮 metody ustanowienia demokracji bezpo艣redniej r贸wnolegle z demokracj膮 przedstawicielsk膮. Referendum jest form膮 ustanowienia demokracji bezpo艣redniej opartej na g艂osowaniu publicznym w sprawach politycznych i prawnych. Prawna organizacja r贸偶nych rodzaj贸w demokracji bezpo艣redniej jest wyja艣niona w konstytucjach. W艣r贸d metod demokracji bezpo艣redniej tylko referenda w sprawie zmiany konstytucji, referendum polityczne i referendum legislacyjne zosta艂y uznane w Konstytucji Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Chocia偶 w prawnej historii Iranu odby艂o si臋 referendum w sprawie ustanowienia systemu politycznego Republiki Islamskiej i referendum w sprawie zmiany Konstytucji, jak dot膮d nie przeprowadzono referendum legislacyjnego. Wy偶si urz臋dnicy pa艅stwowi mog膮 zaproponowa膰 referendum, a referenda mog膮 odbywa膰 si臋 w wyj膮tkowych i niezwykle wa偶nych sytuacjach. Je艣li chodzi o teokratyczny charakter ira艅skiego systemu politycznego, wa偶no艣膰 referendum zale偶y od braku sprzeczno艣ci mi臋dzy przedmiotem referendum a zasadami prawa islamskiego. W tym artykule zbadano prawne wymiary przeprowadzania referend贸w w ira艅skim kontek艣cie konstytucyjnym, stosuj膮c podej艣cie opisowo-analityczne

    Comparative Study of the Scope of the Islamic Republic of Iran鈥檚 Constitution: From Written to Unwritten Document

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    Although it seems that the written document of the constitution regulates and controls the existing constitutional order in the written constitution countries, the reality is that "politics in progress" and existing political transactions are not only not fully under the control of the written document of the constitution, but even in some cases, politics has prevailed over rights and determines the way and direction of the implementation of legal norms. As a result, focusing on the form and format of the Constitution should not prevent the examination of the content and political realities in society. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method and by studying the opinions of the Guardian Council and other available sources, seeks to answer the question that, does Iran's constitutional law function fully according to the written constitution? This study also tries to discover more about the legal or political nature of the basic order in Iran. The result of the research indicates that in Iran鈥檚 system of constitutional rights, unwritten and interpretable components link the written text of the constitution with some unwritten areas. On credit, Iran鈥檚 constitution is neither completely legal nor completely political, and has both written and unwritten aspects, and the opinions of the Guardian Council are a window to understand them
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