Epitaxial growth of Cu (001) on Si (001): Mechanisms of orientation development and defect morphology

We describe the evolution of microstructure during ultrahigh vacuum ion beam sputter deposition of Cu (001) at room temperature on hydrogen-terminated Si (001). In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction indicates growth of an epitaxial Cu (001) film on Si (001) with the intensity of the Bragg rods sharpening during 5–20 nm of Cu film growth. Post-growth x-ray diffraction indicates the Cu film has a mosaic spread of (001) textures of about ±2° and that a small fraction (0.001–0.01) is of (111) textures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows an abrupt Cu/Si interface with no interfacial silicide, and reveals an evolution in texture with Cu thickness so as to reduce the mosaic spread about (001). Moiré contrast suggests a nearly periodic elastic strain field extending into the Cu and Si at the interface. Other aspects of film growth which are critical to epitaxy are also discussed

Assessment 0f Proximate, Mineral Elements and Amino Acids Profile of Weaning Food Formulated From a Local Variety of Pennisetum Glaucum, Roasted Sesanum Indicum and Euastacus Spp

Sprouted cereal and legume complementary weaning food were prepared from a local variety of Millet, Sesame seed and crayfish, the complementary flour blends were mixed into various ratios 60:20:20 as MSC (60 parts of millet: 20 parts of sesame and 20 parts of crayfish), 65:35 as MS (65 parts of millet and 35 parts sesame) and 75:25 MC (75 parts of millet, and 25 parts of crayfish) respectively, hence compared with commercial weaning food celarac Cl. A standard methods were used for the analysis .Crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber of the formulation increase significantly (p≤0.05) which ranged from 20.10±0.15, 17.52±0.02 and 9.22±0.06 compared to the reference value of 18.50±0.34, 8.31±0.30 and 0.11±0.01 respectively. Moisture and ash content values were higher compared to the reference values as 8.25±0.025 and 4.78±0.08 to 5.58±0.01 and 1.94±0.01. Elements composition of sodium 114.71±1.33, iron 4.72±0.05, calcium 389.14±0.03 and zinc 3.03±0.03 were significantly higher than the reference value 15.86±0.08, 1.62±0.01, 110.62±0.39 and 1.28±0.01 respectively. While the values of Magnesium, Phosphorous, and potassium are lower compared to the reference value. Amino acids content showed a significant increase in the contents of lysine 3.95±0.01, methionine 2.43±0.01 and tryptophan 3.75±0.02 to that of the reference value 2.70±0.0.01, 1.24±0.01 and 2.27±0.01. Functional properties with WSI and FC are significantly low compared to the formulated diets as 288.00±1.00 and 360.00±1.00 to 391.00±1.00 and 502.00±1.00 respectively. Key words: Sprouted, formulation, weaning food, millet, sesame and crayfish. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-18-07 Publication date: December 31st 202

Evolution of structural and magnetic properties in Ta/Ni_81Fe_(19) multilayer thin films

The interdiffusion kinetics in short period (12.8 nm) Ta/Ni81Fe19 polycrystalline multilayer films has been investigated and related to the evolution of soft magnetic properties upon thermal annealing in the temperature range 300-600-degrees-C. Small angle x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to estimate the multilayer period. Interdiffusion in the multilayers was directly computed from the decay of the satellites near (000) in a small angle x-ray diffraction spectrum. A kinetic analysis of interdiffusion suggests that grain growth is concurrent with grain boundary diffusion of Ta in Ni81Fe19. The evolution of soft magnetic properties of Ni81Fe19, i.e., lowering of 4piM(s) and increase in coercivity H(c), also lend support to the above analysis

An Evaluation on the Compliance to Safety Helmet Usage among Motorcyclists in Batu Pahat, Johor

This paper presents methods on how to determine the level of practice of usage of safetyhelmet among motorcyclist in Batu Pahat and to identify the target group who are most likelyto violate the safety helmet law among. A questionnaire study was carried out in urban andrural Batu Pahat. A total of 185 respondents were interviewed and the data was analyzed usingthe statistics. Six variables were found to be significant at percent level (p<0.05): gender,education level, type of safety helmet, distance of travel, riding experience and location oftravel. Practice of safety helmet usage among motorcyclist in Batu Pahat was found to behigher for female riders, higher educated riders, full shell helmet users, travelling at a distanceof 1 km to 10 km, riders having good practice and riders in the town area. All the variablesabove are contributing factors in the practice of helmet usage among motorcyclists in BatuPahat. Subsequently, the road safety programs and enforcement teams should be more focusedon male riders, rider with low education levels, half shell helmet riders, 10 km and belowdistance, riding experience for 10 years above and rural riders based on their lower practice ofusing safety helmet

Workplace assessment of naphtha exposure in a tire manufacturing industry.

A qualitative and quantitative workplace assessment was carried out to determine naphtha exposure in a tyre manufacturing industry. A qualitative chemical health risk assessment was conducted to identify naphtha hazard at the workplace. Quantitative assessment using Portable VOC Monitor, Automatic Sampling Pump and personal air sampling pump was used to determine VOC concentrations, organic solvents, and individual air naphtha respectively. The risk rating of naphtha was estimated to be 5. The mean VOC concentration was in the range of 2.43 to 92.93 ppm. Repair area had the highest VOC concentration while the lowest was in the moulding area. Each work station had significant differences for VOC concentrations (p < 0.001). Laboratory analysis found various solvents including 2-methyl pentane, hexane, methyl cyclopentane, heptane, cyclohexane and toluene which were present in the liquid naphtha. Only xylene has been detected in the making and moulding areas with a range of 2 to 5 ppm. Meanwhile, the air naphtha concentrations of the exposed workers were significantly higher than those unexposed. The risk of naphtha exposure was qualitatively significant and not adequately controlled. Naphtha was detected in all work stations since it is the main solvent used. The “Repair Area” was significantly more contaminated than the other area

Buoyancy-driven heat transfer in nanofluid-filled trapezoidal enclosure with variable thermal conductivity and viscosity

Heat transfer performance utilizing nanofluids in a trapezoidal enclosure is investigated taking into account variable thermal conductivity and viscosity. Transport equations are modelled by a stream-vorticity formulation, and are solved numerically by the finite differ�ence method. The effects of the Rayleigh number, base angle, volume fraction, and size of nanoparticles on flow and temperature patterns as well as the heat transfer rate are pre�sented. We found that the effect of the viscosity was more dominant than the thermal con�ductivity, and there is almost no improvement in heat transfer performance utilizing nanofluids

Natural convection in a porous trapezoidal enclosure with an inclined magnetic field

The effect of a magnetic field on steady convection in a trapezoidal enclosure filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium is studied numerically by the finite difference method. The inclined sloping boundaries is treated by adopting staircase-like zigzag lines. The sloping walls are maintained isothermally at different temperatures. The top and bottom horizontal straight walls are kept adiabatic. The results indicate that the heat transfer performance decreases by decreasing the angle of sloping wall. Optimum reducing of the heat transfer rate was obtained for an acute trapezoidal enclosure and large magnetic field in the horizontal direction

Flammability action of tires material after adding flame inhibitor

Magnesium hydroxide was used as flame inhibitor to increased flame resistance for tires .Magnesium hydroxide was adding with (5%,10%) weight percents to rubber master batch of tire and then exposed the resulting material to a flame generated from gas torch with (10 mm) exposure distance . Method of measuring the surface temperature opposite to the flame was used to determine the heat transferred through tire material. The results were obtained shows enhanced flame resistance for tire by added magnesium hydroxide and this resistance increased by increasing hydroxide Percentage