Bioequivalence evaluation of two capsule formulations of amoxicillin in healthy adult male bangladeshi volunteers: A single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover study

AbstractBackground: Amoxicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic, is widely prescribed in Bangladesh due to its extended spectrum and its rapid and extensive oral absorption with good tolerability. Although a number of generic oral formulations of amoxicillin are available in Bangladesh, a study of the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic properties of these formulations has not yet been conducted in a Bangladeshi population.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of 2 formulations of amoxicillin 500-mg capsules (test, SK-mox®; reference, Amoxil-Bencard®) using serum data.Methods: This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study was conducted in healthy male subjects in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. Subjects were assigned to receive the test or the reference drug as a single-dose, 500-mg capsule under fasting conditions after a 1-week washout period. After oral administration, blood samples were collected and analyzed for amoxicillin concentration using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a noncompartmental method. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the natural log-transformed ratios of pharmacokinetic parameters were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125%, according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirement.Results: Twenty-four healthy adult male Bangladeshi volunteers (mean [SD] age, 26.92 [3.37] years; age range, 23–34 years; mean [SD] body mass index, 23.O9 [1.58] kg/m2) participated in the study. Using serum data, the values obtained for the test and reference formulations, respectively, were as follows: Cmax, 9.85 (2.73) and 10.63 (2.12) μg/mL; Tmax, 1.29 (0.58) and 1.33 (0.49) hours; and AUC0–12, 27.09 (7.62) and 28.56 (6.30) μg/mL · h−1. No period, sequence, or formulation effects were observed; however, significant variation was found among subjects with regard to AUC0–12 (P < 0.001), AUC0−∞ (P = 0.002), area under the moment curve (AUMC) from 0 to 12 hours (P < 0.001), and AUMC0−∞ (P = 0.017). All CIs for the parameters measured were within the FDA-accepted limits of 80% to 125%.Conclusion: The present study suggests that the test 500-mg amoxicillin capsule was bioequivalent to the reference 500-mg capsule according to the FDA regulatory definition, in this population of healthy adult male Bangladeshi volunteers

Pharmaceutical marketing ethics in healthcare quality for patient satisfaction: an Islamic approach

ABSTRACT Patients are the center of healthcare system where key role players include pharmaceutical manufacturers. In recent years, ethical standards of marketing strategies conducted by pharmaceutical manufacturers have declined significantly which raises the question of healthcare quality. The conventional way of pharmaceutical marketing is widely accepted by Muslims and non-Muslims around the world. Limited studies have been conducted so far to establish Islamic marketing mechanism in pharmaceutical business as Islam is the answer to all questions of our lives and beyond. This paper theoretically proposed the relation of pharmaceutical marketing strategies with quality healthcare service for patient’s satisfaction and investigated it with primary data. It also highlights the mediating effect of Islamic marketing mechanism from ethical context. The findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship exists between pharmaceutical marketing ethics and Islamic marketing mechanism which partially mediates healthcare quality. Also, healthcare quality significantly influences patient satisfaction. The framework developed in this study need to be tested in the future through other social factors. Based on the findings, recommendations for Muslim entrepreneurs are explained at the end

Live bird market in Bangladesh: regulatory systems and operations

Objective: In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, the live bird market (LBM) is a vital location for the trading of live poultry. The study was carried out in nine LBMs located around Bangladesh to ascertain the present regulations and procedures governing their operation. Additionally, the responsibilities and levels of engagement of the stakeholders were determined. Materials and Methods: The data were gathered through the use of a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to code the interview transcripts iteratively. Results: The findings indicated that the government was directly and indirectly involved in the leasing process of the markets. A market in this country is divided into numerous sectors, includ- ing LBM, fish market, vegetable market, and grocery stores. A market's hygienic condition is highly dependent on market authority's decisions. In some markets, market officials conducted routine sanitary inspections. Veterinarians played a little role in the inspection procedure. Conclusion: There is no adequate, functional monitoring system to ensure that LBMs adhere to cleanliness and adequate and functional biosecurity. Biosecurity enhancements, effective clean- ing programs, and regular monitoring by relevant authorities are critical for LBMs in Bangladesh

Prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) in live bird markets in Bangladesh

We conducted a cross-sectional study in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka and Chittagong, Bangladesh, to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) viruses in different types of poultry and environmental areas by using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression models. We detected these viruses in nearly all LBMs. Prevalence of A(H5) virus was higher in waterfowl than in chickens, whereas prevalence of A(H9) virus was higher in chickens than in waterfowl and, among chicken types, in industrial broilers than in cross-breeds and indigenous breeds. LBMs with >1 wholesaler were more frequently contaminated by A(H5) virus than retail-only LBMs. Prevalence of A(H9) virus in poultry and level of environmental contamination were also higher in LBMs with >1 wholesaler. We found a high level of circulation of both avian influenza viruses in surveyed LBMs. Prevalence was influenced by type of poultry, environmental site, and trading patterns because our study included previously collected data

Empagliflozin Relaxes Resistance Mesenteric Arteries by Stimulating Multiple Smooth Muscle Cell Voltage-Gated K+ (KV) Channels

The antidiabetic drug empagliflozin is reported to produce a range of cardiovascular effects, including a reduction in systemic blood pressure. However, whether empagliflozin directly modulates the contractility of resistance-size mesenteric arteries remains unclear. Here, we sought to investigate if empagliflozin could relax resistance-size rat mesenteric arteries and the associated underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that acute empagliflozin application produces a concentration-dependent vasodilation in myogenic, depolarized and phenylephrine (PE)-preconstricted mesenteric arteries. Selective inhibition of smooth muscle cell voltage-gated K+ channels KV1.5 and KV7 abolished empagliflozin-induced vasodilation. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels and ATP-sensitive (KATP) channels did not abolish vasodilation. Inhibition of the vasodilatory signaling axis involving endothelial nitric oxide (NO), smooth muscle cell soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase G (PKG) did not abolish empagliflozin-evoked vasodilation. Inhibition of the endothelium-derived vasodilatory molecule prostacyclin (PGI2) had no effect on the vasodilation. Consistently, empagliflozin-evoked vasodilation remained unaltered by endothelium denudation. Overall, our data suggest that empagliflozin stimulates smooth muscle cell KV channels KV1.5 and KV7, resulting in vasodilation in resistance-size mesenteric arteries. This study demonstrates for the first time a novel mechanism whereby empagliflozin regulates arterial contractility, resulting in vasodilation. Due to known antihypertensive properties, treatment with empagliflozin may complement conventional antihypertensive therapy

International students’ satisfaction towards internet banking at International Islamic University Malaysia: a qualitative study

This study explores International Students’ Satisfaction towards Internet Banking of Malaysia, applying a qualitative (phenomenology) approach, using the depth interview method. Semi organized open-finished interview has been conducted among seven international undergraduate and postgraduate students pursuing their degree from Kuala Lumpur city. The study finds that the present condition of online banking has not yet achieved flawlessness because of a few reasons like absence of security, absence of accessible data, unnecessary exchange time and so on. To address these reasons, financiers ought to prepare up their staff to administer web based banking offices to clients all the more productively. Continuing advancing new thoughts and arrangements to make web banking more appealing to clients can likewise be conceivable arrangements. Aside from that, clients ought to be given vital rules by bank staff on the most proficient method to keep their records, passwords and other secret things from getting hacked. Bank authorities may likewise run battles to make individuals careful of digital traps and deceitful online allurements

An investigation customer satisfaction towards online banking services in Bangladesh

Internet banking has turned out to be a standout amongst the most well-known administrations used by the Bangladeshi retail banking clients in late. Distinctive bank suppliers are working persistently to include or enhance their online banking services benefits to settle on their bank a superior decision among their clients to hold them. The aspect of Internet banking, in the arena of e-commerce has emerged as a vital concept with the increasing number of online consumer. Therefore, the present study has been taken in order to examine the various banking services that may affect consumers’ satisfaction. Total of 300 respondents have been chosen from different government-owned and public banks following convenient sampling technique. Exploratory analysis has been used to fit the right items for each construct, multiple regression technique has been applied to assess the impact among the constructs. The results of the study showed significant impact between independent and dependent variables. Among the all factors, service quality and trust significantly influenced customer satisfaction of online banking. On the other hand, other two variables habit and reputation performed negative impact on customer satisfaction of online baking. This review proposes that, the Bangladeshi customers are extremely cognizant about nature of administration and trustee of the online based administrations. In this manner, the greater part of the banking services in Bangladesh should to be extremely watchful about the nature of service, and innovation progress of services they are putting forth to use of the customer’s. it is hope that the results of the study will facilitate bankers in terms of creating effective strategies in order to fulfil the customer needs. From the academic viewpoint, this study open the door for future researchers to conduct more studies customer satisfaction towards online banking

The study of the perception of diabetes mellitus among the people of Petaling Jaya in Malaysia

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide medical problem with lack of knowledge, high costs, and maximum cause of mortality. The assessment of knowledge is very important about diabetes mellitus and its causes, symptoms, complications, risk factors among the general population in Petaling Jaya due to gradual increase in diabetes and its complications among patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the perception of diabetes mellitus among the people residing in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. This is descriptive cross-sectional study which included 400 samples of various ages, sexes, ethnicities, income levels, education levels and family history of diabetic patients from ten policlinics in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. A validated questionnaire with five elements was used for this study. The collected data from the respective respondents were analyzed through SPSS software. SPSS has been used to analyse the demographic profile of the respondents, as well as perform exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study's findings indicated that general knowledge of diabetes mellitus, knowledge of risk factors of diabetes, knowledge of symptom of diabetes mellitus, knowledge of complications of diabetes mellitus are factors that significantly affect perception of diabetes mellitus among the people residing in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

A review of the mechanical properties and durability of concrete containing recycled seashells as a partial cement replacement

The concrete industry consumes a significant number of natural resources and emits hazardous gases into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide for cement production, which influences global warming and climate change. Therefore, many attempts have been made to develop green and eco-friendly concrete from various waste materials. Seashells are one of these waste products that accumulate on beaches and landfills, which causes environmental problems. This review assesses the usage of multiple types of seashell waste materials in concrete as a partial cement replacement. The performance of seashell powder in concrete was also evaluated in terms of fresh concrete properties, mechanical properties, durability, and other factors. According to this study, using seashells as a cement replacement improves concrete setting time, diminishes workability, and increases density due to curing age. The mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, generally decrease as the shell content increases. However, adding admixtures and applying chemical treatment can improve concrete’s mechanical properties and durability. Nevertheless, adding up to 25% of cockle shells in concrete can reduce water permeability. Thus, it is demonstrated that using seashells in concrete as a cement replacement might have the potential to produce sustainable green building materials

Intensification of fragility: poultry production and distribution in Bangladesh and its implications for disease risk

Poultry production is a valuable source of nutritious food and income and is considered a crucial part of global development. This is especially important for countries such as Bangladesh where levels of hunger and childhood stunting remain high. However, in many low- and middle-income countries poultry production remains dominated by small to medium scale enterprises operating with poor farm biosecurity associated with poultry and zoonotic disease risks. We aimed to characterize the structure of poultry production in Bangladesh in order to identify the underlying structural factors and resulting practices which create risk environments for emergence, persistence and transmission of infectious diseases. Using the concept of a production and distribution network (PDN), we conducted a review of the literature, 27 in-depth interviews with key-informants and stakeholders, and 20 structured interviews with poultry distributors to map the ways which poultry are raised, distributed and marketed in Bangladesh. Findings indicate that the PDN can be considered in the context of four major sub-networks, based on the types of chickens; broadly indigenous, cross-bred, exotic broiler, and layer chickens. These sub-networks do not exist in isolation; their transactional nodes - actors and sites - are dynamic and numerous interactions occur within and between the PDN. Our findings suggest that the growth in small and medium scale poultry enterprises is conducted within ‘fragile’ enterprises by inexperienced and poorly supported producers, many of whom lack capacity for the level of system upgrading needed to mitigate disease risk. Efforts could be taken to address the structural underlying factors identified, such as the poor bargaining power of producers and lack of access to independent credit and indemnity schemes, as a way to reduce the fragility of the PDN and increase its resilience to disease threats. This knowledge on the PDN structure and function provide the essential basis to better study the generation, mitigation and consequences of disease risks associated to livestock, including the analysis of potential hotspots for disease emergence and transmission