Ijtihad Sebagai Alat Pemecahan Masalah Umat Islam

Secara istilah ijtihad merupakan upaya untuk menggali suatu hukum yang sudah ada pada zaman Rasulullah Saw. Hingga dalam perkembangannya, ijtihad dilakukan oleh para sahabat, tabi'in serta masa-masa selanjutnya hingga sekarang ini. Meskipun pada periode tertentu apa yang kita kenal dengan masa taklid, ijtihad tidak diperbolehkan, tetapi pada masa periode tertentu pula (kebangkitan atau pembaruan), ijtihad mulai dibuka kembali. Karena tidak bisa dipungkiri, ijtihad adalah suatu keharusan, untuk menanggapi tantangan kehidupan yang semakin kompleks. Tidak semua hasil ijtihad merupakan pembaruan bagi ijtihad yang lama sebab ada kalanya hasil ijtihad yang baru sama dengan hasil ijtihad yang lama. Bahkan sekalipun berbeda hasil ijtihad baru tidak bisa mengubah status ijtihad yang lama. Hal itu seiring dengan kaidah ijtihad yang tidak dapat dibatalkan dengan ijtihad pula. Berdasarkan pelaksanaan ijtihad bahwa sumber hukum Islam menuntun umat Islam untuk memahaminya. Adapun sumber hukum Islam yang disepakati jumhur ulama adalah al-Qur'an, hadis, ijma dan qiyas. Conceptually, the term ijtihad is an effort to dig out law which had been existed in the Prophet's live. In its development ijtihad has been done by prophet followers up t now. Although in a certain period as so called taklid period, in which ijtihad is not allowed, however, at another period of time ijtihad is allowed. In fact, ijtihad cannot be avoided and it is a must to cope with more complex problems. It is widely understood that not all the result of ijtihad as the renewal of the old one. The fact shows that the result of new ijtihad has similarity or even the same with the old one. Although the result of the new ijtihad is totally different from the old one, the new one cannot change the status of the old one for there is a rule says that ijtihad cannot be canceled by another ijtihad. Based on the application of ijtihad, the sources of Islamic laws direct Islamic followers to understand them. The sources of Islamic laws admitted and followed by ulama are Holy Qur'an, hadis, ijma and qiyas

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Bekatul Padi Ketan Merah Dan Hitam (Oryza Sativa L. Var. Glutinosa) Dan Formulasinya Dalam Sediaan Krim

Rice bran is a by-product of rice milling process that contain bioactive compounds such as tocopherol, tocotrienol, and oryzanol. This study aimed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract of red and black glutinous rice bran (Oryza sativa L. var. glutinosa) and then formulatethem into cream. Testing of antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrihidrazil). The IC50 of the extract of red and black glutinous rice bran are 31.7525 and 434.7525 ppm, respectively. Subsequently, extract of red and black glutinous rice bran is formulated into type o/w cream with concentration of 2.5%. The results of evaluation of physical cream consist of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, stability to temperature changes, power test spread, test of power washed and test of irritation. The results showed that the cream of both red (FI) and black (FII) glutinous rice bran extract meet the physical properties requirements and do not irritate during the 8 weeks of storage. The result of antioxidant activity test showed that inhibition percentage of FI and FII are 95.0974 and 92.3569% in the first week, and 89.9576 and 86.9537% in the eighth week, respectively. Key words: extract of rice bran, glutinous rice bran red, glutinous rice bran black, antioxidant, cream

White Blood Cell Count Mediates the Association Between Periodontal Inflammation and Cognitive Performance Measured by Digit Symbol Substitution Test Among Older U.S. Adults

BACKGROUND: Systemic effects of periodontal infection may increase the risk of central neuroinflammation, aggravating impaired cognition. This study aims to examine whether systemic inflammatory factors mediate the possible association between periodontal inflammation and cognitive function. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 766 participants aged > 60 years and who had complete periodontal and cognitive examinations in the NHANES 2001-2002. We used multivariable linear regression to investigate the overall association between periodontal health and cognitive function as measured by the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) were used to assess the periodontal inflammatory activity and burden, respectively. Mediation analyses were used to test the indirect effects of the BOP/PISA on DSST via C-reactive protein, white blood cell (WBC) count, and fibrinogen. RESULTS: Participants with superior periodontal health obtained higher DSST scores than those with poorer periodontal health, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Concerning the inflammatory activity, WBC count acted as a full mediator in the association between BOP and DSST (β = -0.091; 95% CI = -0.174 to -0.008) and mediated 27.5% of the total association. Regarding the inflammatory burden, WBC count acted as a partial mediator in the association between PISA and DSST (β = -0.059; 95% CI = -0.087 to -0.031) and mediated 20.3% of the total association. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated the potential role of systemic inflammatory factors as a mediator of associations between periodontal inflammation and cognitive function in the U.S. geriatric population

EFEKTIFITAS METODE PENGOLAHAN KULIT PISANG (Musa paradisiaca) TERHADAP KECERNAAN NUTRIEN AYAM KAMPUNG FASE GROWER (Effect of Different Feed Procession Method of Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca) on Grower Phase Native Chicken Feed Digestibility)

Banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) was banana processing waste with high availability but low utility as poultry feed. Utilization peel of banana as poultry feed required special processing methods to increase digestibility. This research was aimed to evaluate nutrient digestibility of banana peel with different processing methods on native chicken. Twenty birds native chicken aged 10 weeks with 600 g average body weight, banana peel, NaOH, tempeh yeast (Rhyzopus sp), bacterial starter (EM4) were used as research materials. The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) four treatments and fve replications: T0 (control: without treatment), T1 (banana peel soaked 10% NaOH), T2 (banana peel fermented by tempeh yeast), T3 (banana peel fermented by EM4). Parameters measured were digestibility of nutrients: dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and Crude Protein Digestibility (CPD). Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 2.0., the signifcant different were tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Research results showed that the effect of different processeing methods of banana peel were signifcantly (P <0.05) on DMD, OMD and CPD. This research concluded that banana peel fermented by EM4 treatment have higher DMD, OMD and CPD compare than others

Dietary Inflammatory Potential is Associated with Poor Periodontal Health:A Population-based Study

AIM: To investigate the association between dietary inflammatory potential and poor periodontal health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of participants was performed. NHANES 2011-2014 (n = 7,081) and NHANES 2001-2004 (n = 5,098) were used as discovery and validation datasets, respectively. The energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) score was calculated for each participant based on 24-hr dietary recalls to assess diet-associated inflammation. Periodontitis was defined by the CDC/AAP using clinical periodontal parameters. Natural cubic spline was applied to identify any non-linear associations of the E-DII score with moderate/severe periodontitis. Furthermore, interaction analyses were performed by age, gender, and race/ethnicity to explore the moderating roles of these factors. RESULTS: In the discovery dataset, a non-linear positive relationship with periodontitis was identified for the E-DII score (P non-linearity < .001) after adjustment for potential confounders. Compared with those individuals in the lowest tertile of E-DII, participants in the highest tertile who consumed a pro-inflammatory diet were 53% more likely to be periodontitis (OR tertile3vs1 = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.33-1.77). The validation dataset showed similar associations. Relatively stronger associations were seen in older adults and males. CONCLUSION: Consuming a pro-inflammatory diet indicated by the E-DII score is associated with periodontal disease in the U.S. general adult population

Quark mixing from softly broken symmetries

Quark flavor mixing may originate in the soft breaking of horizontal symmetries. Those symmetries, which in the simplest case are three family U(1) groups, are obeyed only by the dimension-4 Yukawa couplings and lead, when unbroken, to the absence of mixing. Their breaking may arise from the dimension-3 mass terms of SU(2)-singlet vector-like quarks. Those gauge-singlet mass terms break the horizontal symmetries at a scale much higher than the Fermi scale, yet softly, leading to quark mixing while the quark masses remain unsuppressed.Comment: 9 pages, plain Latex, no figure

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI SURVEILANS IMUNISASI DAN PD3I DI DINAS KESEHATAN KOTA SURABAYA

Latar belakang: WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia memperkirakan imunisasi bisa menyelamatkan 2 hingga 3 juta jiwa pada tiap tahunnya di seluruh dunia. Pencapaian cakupan UCI di Kota Surabaya belum diikuti dengan penurunan kasus penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi (PD3I). Tujuan: Mengembangan model sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah actions research berupa pengembangan sistem (system development). Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa masalah sistem terdapat pada komponen input, proses, dan output. Informasi baru yang dibutuhkan adalah jumlah cakupan imunisasi dasar lengkap, cakupan imunisasi booster, jumlah kasus PD3I per kelurahan, UCI kelurahan, kelurahan dengan kasus PD3I, kualitas vaksin, wilayah prioritas imunisasi, dan prevalensi kasus PD3I yang belum diimunisasi. Hasil uji coba meunjukkan bahwa sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I cukup mudah dan bermanfaat bagi petugas imunisasi dan surveilans PD3I di puskesmas dan di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya. Simpulan dan saran: Sistem Informasi Surveilans Imunisasi dan PD3I cukup mudah digunakan dan bermanfaat. Kegiatan pencatatan dan pelaporan dalam sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I diharapkan dapat dilakukan pada periode bulanan

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI SURVEILANS IMUNISASI DAN PD3I DI DINAS KESEHATAN KOTA SURABAYA

Latar belakang: WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia memperkirakan imunisasi bisa menyelamatkan 2 hingga 3 juta jiwa pada tiap tahunnya di seluruh dunia. Pencapaian cakupan UCI di Kota Surabaya belum diikuti dengan penurunan kasus penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi (PD3I). Tujuan: Mengembangan model sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah actions research berupa pengembangan sistem (system development). Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa masalah sistem terdapat pada komponen input, proses, dan output. Informasi baru yang dibutuhkan adalah jumlah cakupan imunisasi dasar lengkap, cakupan imunisasi booster, jumlah kasus PD3I per kelurahan, UCI kelurahan, kelurahan dengan kasus PD3I, kualitas vaksin, wilayah prioritas imunisasi, dan prevalensi kasus PD3I yang belum diimunisasi. Hasil uji coba meunjukkan bahwa sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I cukup mudah dan bermanfaat bagi petugas imunisasi dan surveilans PD3I di puskesmas dan di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya. Simpulan dan saran: Sistem Informasi Surveilans Imunisasi dan PD3I cukup mudah digunakan dan bermanfaat. Kegiatan pencatatan dan pelaporan dalam sistem informasi surveilans imunisasi dan PD3I diharapkan dapat dilakukan pada periode bulanan

Charged Particles in a 2+1 Curved Background

The coupling to a 2+1 background geometry of a quantized charged test particle in a strong magnetic field is analyzed. Canonical operators adapting to the fast and slow freedoms produce a natural expansion in the inverse square root of the magnetic field strength. The fast freedom is solved to the second order. At any given time, space is parameterized by a couple of conjugate operators and effectively behaves as the `phase space' of the slow freedom. The slow Hamiltonian depends on the magnetic field norm, its covariant derivatives, the scalar curvature and presents a peculiar coupling with the spin-connection.Comment: 22 page