New approaches to parental substance misuse

This article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund - Copyright @ 2011 HarwinParental substance misuse is a major social problem. No-one knows exactly how many children are growing up in families where one or both parents have a drug or alcohol problem, or misuse both substances. Hidden Harm, the report by the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2003), 1reported that at least 2-3% (200-300,000) of children under 16 in England and Wales live with one or two parents misusing illegal drugs. Up to 9% (1.3 million) children are estimated to be affected by parental alcohol misuse

Parental substance misuse and child welfare: Outcomes for children two years after referral

This article is available open access through the publisher’s website through the link below. Copyright @ 2007 The Authors.This paper reports on placement and welfare outcomes for children allocated a social worker where there was a concern about parental misuse of drugs or alcohol. All files going for allocation for long term work in four London boroughs over on average one year were examined (290 families). Of the 290, 100 families with 186 children involved concerns about parental substance misuse. File studies were carried out at allocation and two years post-referral for these children. At follow-up only 46% of the children remained with their main carer, with 26% living in the wider family and 27% in the formal care system. Logistic regression found the factors associated with children remaining at home were parental heroin misuse, violence and one or more parents being a first generation immigrant; factors associated with children moving were the child being a baby identified as at risk of harm and particular combinations who misused and family structure. A rating of welfare outcome was made based on educational, emotional/behavioural and health development. At follow-up, 47% of children had no problems, 31% had continuing problems and 22% had problems in more areas than at allocation. Regression analysis found the factors associated with poor welfare outcome were children remaining at home, domestic violence, alcohol misuse and being a boy. The combination of a high proportion of children moving carer and poor outcomes for those at home suggests that attention needs to be paid to improving outcomes in this area.The Nuffield Foundatio

Analisis Volume, Kecepatan, dan Kepadatan Lalu Lintas dengan Metode Greenshields dan Greenberg

The creation of a transportation system that ensures the movement of people, vehicles, or goods in a smooth, safe, fast, cheap, convenient, and environmentally friendly way has been the goal of country development. An increase in traffic volume will cause a change in traffic behavior. Theoretically, there is a fundamental relationship between the flow, speed, and density of traffic. Activities and land use will affect the performance of a variety of roads. Land in Jalan Wates Km 5 is used as commercial and market area that is the center of the crowd. The purpose of this study was to determine: speed, traffic volume, density, capacity, and the relationship between speed, volume and density using Greenshields and Greenberg methods, degree of saturation, and level of service. The study was conducted in one day. The result showed that the capacity of the road is still able to accommodate the volume of existing traffic

Soft hadron photoproduction at 20 GeV from protons

Imperial Users onl

Capturing the scale and pattern of recurrent care proceedings: initial observations from a feasibility study

This article reports the initial findings of a feasibility study that has captured the scale and pattern of recurrent care proceedings. Although frontline professionals have reported long-standing concerns about the repeat clients of public law proceedings, prior to the study we report, the scale of the problem has been unknown. With funding from the Nuffield Foundation and support from the Child and Family Court Advisory Service (CAFCASS) and the President of the Family Division, the research team has arrived at a first estimate of prevalence, confirming that recurrence is a sizeable problem for the English family court. Based on cases that completed during the observational window 2007-2013 (calendar years), 7,143 birth mothers appeared in 15,645 recurrent care applications concerning 22,790 infants and children. Moreover, the study most likely underestimates recurrence, because reliable data concerning completed cases is not available before 2007. Initial observations are that the spacing between recurrent care proceedings is very short, which raises searching questions about prevention. Where episodes of care proceedings follow in swift succession, most likely prompted by the birth of another infant, this affords mothers little opportunity to effect change. Unless, this ‘status quo’ is tackled, it is difficult to envisage how vulnerable birth mothers can exit this cycle. Preliminary recommendations are made in respect of policy and practice change

Microscopic physics of transition edge sensors

Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) are ultra-sensitive superconducting detectors having a wide range of applications, from quantum cryptography to x-ray spectroscopy. Models of TESs often employ a circuit theory approach, taking TES parameters such as the temperature and current dependent resistance as inputs, but there are few microscopic models which allow prediction of these parameters. In this thesis, I develop a microscopic model to describe TESs based on the Usadel equations, allowing predictions of resistance surfaces, critical currents and the small signal electrothermal parameters. To test my model, I calculate I(V) curves for device designs used by different research groups and compare them to experimental measurements. Using my model, I design a TES wafer for a systematic study of the effects of bilayer size and patterning on performance. To investigate the effects of magnetic field, I also design and characterise a new cryogenic magnetic field test facility to apply fields of variable direction and magnitude. I present the results of this study, showing that bilayers of around 10-20 square micrometres present a good balance between low field susceptibility and predictable behaviour. I then investigate the use of a backing plate as an on-chip shield, to reduce the field susceptibility of the TESs by attenuating the perpendicular field component. I present the models used in this design process to ensure a good shielding factor as well as a high reflection coefficient, and repeat key measurements from my systematic study to show the reduction in field achieved using this prototype on-chip shield. TES readout typically uses Superconducting Quantum Interference Detectors (SQUIDs), placing limitations on the readout frequency. I investigate the possibility of using a High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) amplifier in parallel with an inductor for readout, increasing the bandwidth and allowing higher frequency operation, and discuss how TESs might be optimised for this new readout scheme. Through this thesis I have explored a range of microscopic physics and discussed how this understanding can be used to enhance the performance of transition edge sensors

Perpindahan kalor dengan media gas pada "cross-flow heat exchanger" dengan dinding pipa-pipa bersuhu uniform dan konstan.

Peralatan Cross-flow Heat Exchanger banyak dijumpai di lapangan. MekanisMe perpindahan kalornya terutama berdasarkan pada prin.sip konveksi yang sangal mini! dan melibalkan banyak faktor pengaruh. Untuk melakukan perhitungan perpindahan kalor konveksi pada Heat Exchanger sebaiknya dengan pengukuran langsung pada peralattm itu sendiri, tetapi pada tahap perancangan awal tentunya hal ini tidak bisa dilakukan, jadi harus digunakan suatu rumus empiris yang cukup baik. Perhitungan dengan rumus empiris ini sangatlah membosankan dan memakan waktu, maka untuk memudahkan hal ini bisa digunakan komputer. Ternyata intensitas perpindahan kalor merupakan fungsi dari banyaknya baiis longitudinal pipa, makin banyak jumlah baris longitudinal baris longitudinal pipa akan membuat jumlah barns transversal menjadi makin sedikit, akibalnya kecepalan aliran gas dan bilanga

A Tale of Two States: Challenges to Voter ID Ballot Measures in Missouri and Minnesota

This Note will look at the issues surrounding voter ID through the lens of the proposed amendments in Missouri and Minnesota. Both states offer important lessons to opponents of voter ID. Ballot summaries are crucial in a direct election, as they provide the only information voters will generally see for a measure. This Note will examine the ballot language challenges in Missouri and Minnesota and suggest that this model be followed elsewhere, as more states introduce both state constitutional amendments and initiative measures to override gubernatorial vetoes of voter ID legislation. This Note discusses the history of voter ID laws nationwide, before focusing on the proposed laws in Missouri and Minnesota and the lawsuits brought to challenge them. Then, this Note looks at voter ID trends nationwide and the effects of voter ID, specifically the effects of strict photo ID requirements, on both the state and the voter. Next, this Note examines the importance of the ballot language challenge and proposes opponents of voter ID consider ballot language challenges as a way to combat the enactment of new strict voter ID laws

Utilization of organic matter from municipal solid wastesin compost industries (Pemanfaatan Bahan Organik dari Sampah Padat Perkotaan dalam Industri Kompos)

Abstrak Dewasa ini sampah padat yang dihasilkan oleh kola besar sudah sangat banyak dan berpotensial untuk menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan Icesehatan masyarakat. Oleh karena sekitar tiga perempat dari sampah adalah biomassa maka terdapat kemungkinan untuk memproses sampah tersebut menjadi pupuk kompos. Dengan demikian berat dan volume sampah sisa yang terpaksa harus dibuang ke TPA dapat berkurang secara draslis. Proses fermentasi bahan organik ini dilakukan di pabrik kompos. Sebelum au, harus terlebih dahulu dilakukan proses pemisahan secara mekanis dan seksama untuk mernperoleh bahan organik murni dari sampahpadat. Pemisahan dilakukan oleh beberapa pasang thrower (pelempar) dan fan (penghembus). Melalui contoh kasus sebuah pabrik kompos berkapasitas 50 ton per hari beberapa peralatan dan mesin penting yang lazim dijumpai pada pabrik kompos dijelaskan pada makalah ini, demikian jugs ripe dan ukurannya

PEMROSESAN SECARA TERMAL SAMPAH PADAT DALAM RANGKA BAKAR

Abstrak Ada beberapa langkah untuk mengatasi problema sampah. Sebelum dibuang ke tempat penimbunan seharusnya sampah diproses terlebih dahulu. Salah satu tujuan pemrosesan ini ialah untuk mengurangi kadar karbon organik. Pemrosesan sebaiknya dilakukan secara termal di dalam rangka bakar. Analisis model matematis telah dilakukan terhadap proses perubahan kadar karbon di sepanjang rangka bakar. Kecepatan berkurangnya kandungan karbon merupakan fungsi dari beberapa parameter, terutama: massa udara pembakaran dan suhu reaksi sampah. Massa udara pembakaran harus dioptimalkan untuk mencapai waktu proses yang sesingkat mungkin dan rangka bakar yang sependek mungkin