Peningkatan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Inggris melalui Teknik 4/3/2

The objectives of the research are: a)  to design a speaking English learning in form of appropriate Lesson Plan using 4/3/2 technique at SMA N 1 Gedongtataan pesawaran Lampung; b) to describe the implementation of appropriate speaking English learning using4/3/2 technique at SMA N 1 Gedongtataan; c) to arrange an appropriate evaluation system of speaking English learning using 4/3/2 technique. The subjects of the research were 32 students of special class of X b. The results showed that by the implementation of 4/3/2 technique, there were improvements not only in  students’ speaking ability but also in the improvements of students’ learning activities. The improvement of the speaking abilities can be seen from various aspects: comprehension, fluency, pronunciation, and vocabulary. This means that at the initial position the students score of speaking was 59.37 percent at cycle I, then it increased to 81.25 percent at the second sycle, and finally increased to 93.62 percent at the third cycle.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: a) mendesain pembelajaran berbicara Bahasa Inggris dalam bentuk RPP yang tepat dengan menggunakan Teknik 4/3/2 di SMA Negeri I Gedongtataan Pesawaran Lampung, b) mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan tepat menggunakan Teknik 4/3/2 di SMA Negeri 1 Gedongtataan, c) menyusun sistem evaluasi pembelajaran berbicara Bahasa Inggris yang tepat dengan menggunakan Teknik 4/3/2. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas unggulan X b yang berjumlah 32 orang. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan dengan penggunaan teknik 4/3/2 adanya peningkatan baik dalam hal kemampuan berbicara bahasa Inggris, maupun dalam aktivitas belajar siswa. Peningkatan kemampuan berbicara terlihat dari berbagai aspek baik dalam hal comprehension, fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary , yakni yang semula hanya 59,37 persen pda siklus I meningkat menjadi 81,25 persen pada siklus II, dan 93,62 persen  pada siklus III

Deposition of ZnO-Al (AZO) thin films for optical properties

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound and it is doped with aluminum to increase its capabilities. Aluminum Zinc Oxide (AZO) thin films are semiconductor materials that have band gap energy of 3.3eV. Various method of deposition have been study to growth AZO thin films. It has been extensively use in solar cell application, display application, gas sensing purposes, and thin film transistors (TFTs). In this work, sol gel method and spin coating was used to deposited AZO thin films. The ZnO sol-gel were synthesized using zinc acetate dihydrate as precursor, isopropanol as solvent, diethanolamine as sol stabilizer, and distilled water as oxidation agent. Then, synthesized ZnO were doped with different mole ratio of aluminum nitrate nanohydrate to produced AZO. The glass substrate was used as substrate and AZO thin films were then calcinated at 300°C and 500°C. The characterization of AZO thin film were done using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRD results show that the ZnO with hexagonal wurtzite-type structure and temperature does have effect on the film intensity which related to crystallinity of thin films. Through AFM analysis, the value of RMS decreases from 3.018 nm to 2.240 nm as the temperature increases. Meanwhile, from UV-Vis result, it can be seen that AZO thin film have a high transmittance percentage above 90% after wavelength 400 nm with band gap value of 3.3 eV. FESEM image show that the grain boundary of AZO decrease with both parameter (mole ratio and calcinations temperature). Both parameters do have effect on AZO thin film. EDX analysis shows that there are existence of zinc, oxide, and aluminum

The working of parliamentary government in Pakistan, 1947 - 1958: with particular reference to the central government and major political trends

Pakistan came into being in August, 1947 with the marginal characteristics of a developed polity. Despite the apparent existence of disagreeable political phenomena all the components of Parliamentary democracy, and for that matter a developed polity, were beginning to surface in Pakistan as the year 1958 wore on and a general election was becoming imminent. The first significant index of political development was Pakistan's achieving a general ideological consensus and resolution of regional cleavages in the country. On the question of integrative institution - building, the amalgamation of all units of West Pakistan into one unified province was a political landmark. The formula of parity between the two wings in all matters and the machineries for implanting it were am. The period 1956 - 1958 witnessed further strengthening of institutions which were created. The one-unit scheme was further solidified. The edges of centre fugal forces were blunted, and the grievances of the former smaller units of West Pakistan were attended to. The regionalism of East Pakistan, comparatively. speaking, was dwindling. The controversy over was also finally solved with the ushering of a joint electorate system. It can he thus maintained that within the period 1954- 1958, the regional and ideological cleavages were greatly resolved paving the way for a " Common value orientation " - the desideratum for a developed polity. Also there occurred significant change in the political-system, in that the early domination of the Services was: on the wane. The Hindus which were looked upon with jaundiced eye in the early period were given a sense of partnership with the majority community in the use of political power. Similarly, the parliament in the period 1956-1958 made some headway towards the right direction. What is more, the trends, were identifiable in that, the two parties namely, the M.L. and A.L. were emerging as the two major political parties of Pakistan. Despite all these achievements towards political development, Pakistan could not retain the parliamentary apparatus on the Westminster model, for ; some small | group of people who happened to have their fingers on the triggers of power, had no loyalty to democratic institutions and sabotaged the working of the parliamentary government in Pakistan