Eficiencia relativa assintotica : definições e comparações

Orientador : Jose Norberto Walter DachsDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Ciencia da ComputaçãoResumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar definições de eficiência relativa assintótica devidas a Pitman e a Bahadur; estabelecer as relações existentes entre elas e procurar, através da análise da razão entre o poder do teste F e o poder do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, verificar se os resultados assintóticos dessas eficiências são aplicáveis também a casos finitos. No Capítulo I é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto. No Capítulo II é feita uma aplicação ao caso dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e F em amostras simuladas e através do método de Monte Carlo são calculadas as estimativas do poderAbstract: This work aims at the presentation of definitions of Pitman's and Bahadur's relative asymptotic eficiency, establishing the existing relations between them and attempting to verify, by analysing the ratio between the powers of F test and Kruskal-Wallis test, if asymptotic results of these efficiencies are also applicable to finite cases. In chapter I a literature survey on the subject has been made. In chapter II an application of Kruskal-Wallis test and F test in simulated samples has been made and the estimates for the powers are calculated by Monte Carlo MethodsMestradoMestre em Estatístic

Relationship between smoking habits of mothers and dental health behavior or the oral health condition of their children

小児の受動喫煙とう蝕罹患との関連性が報告されている。また、喫煙習慣を持つ母親は自身や子どもに対する歯科健康意識が低いと推察される。そこで本研究では、母親の喫煙習慣と歯科保健行動および子どもの口腔状態との関連性を分析し、乳歯う蝕罹患に関わる因子を明らかにすることを目的とした。 徳島県N市にて実施した1歳6か月児健康診査および3歳児健康診査を両方受診した母子を対象とした。調査対象児165名の母親を、非喫煙者（152名）と喫煙者（13名）の2群に分け、3歳児の歯科健診結果および母親からのアンケート調査結果を突合して分析した。 乳歯う蝕罹患率は喫煙者群では46.2％で、非喫煙者群の21.1％と比較して有意にう蝕罹患の割合が高かった（p＜0.05）。アンケート調査項目の母親の現在の定期歯科健診において、「受診なし」の者の割合が喫煙者群では76.9％、非喫煙者群では46.1％で、2群間に有意な差が認められた（p＜0.05）。妊婦中の歯科健診の項目において、喫煙者群の「受診なし」の者の割合は76.9％、非喫煙者群では43.7％で有意な差が認められた（p＜0.05）。また、喫煙者群では非喫煙者群に比べて、母親の年齢において若年層の割合が有意に高く、母親以外の家族の喫煙習慣ありの割合も高かった（各々p＜0.01，p＜0.05）。さらに、3歳児のう蝕経験の有無を目的変数として二項ロジスティック回帰分析を行った結果、「清掃状態」（オッズ比：2.92，p＜0.05）、「間食時間の決定」（オッズ比：3.99，p＜0.01）、「母親の喫煙習慣」（オッズ比：4.13，p＜0.05）において有意な関連が認められた。 以上の結果より、喫煙習慣を有する母親は、年齢が低い者の割合が高く、他の家族の喫煙率も高く、そして、妊娠期および現在も歯科健診受診の割合が低いことが示された。また、母親の喫煙習慣が3歳児の乳歯う蝕罹患に関連することが示唆された。Objective: It is known that secondhand smoke exposure is associated with dental caries in children, and it is also speculated that mothers with smoking habits may have little awareness of their dental health and their children. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between smoking habits of mothers and dental health behavior or the oral health condition of their children, and to clarify the factors involved in dental caries of deciduous teeth. Methods: The subjects enrolled in this study were mothers and their children who received health checkup for both 18-month-old children and 3-year-old children in N City, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. One hundred sixty-five subjects (mothers) were divided into two groups, non-smoker group (n=152) and smoker group (n=13). The results of dental examinations for 3-year-old children and the questionnaire surveys from mothers were collated and analyzed. Results: Dental caries prevalence of deciduous teeth was 46.2% in children of the smoker group, which was significantly higher than that of 21.1% in children of the non-smoker group (p<0.05). Among the questionnaire survey items regarding the regular dental checkup of mothers, the percentage of “no visit“ in the smoker group was 76.9% and 46.1% in the non-smoker group, and it showed a significant difference (p<0.05). In the item of the dental examination for pregnant woman, the percentage of “did not receive” in the smoker group was 76.9% and 43.7% in the non-smoker group, and it showed a significant difference (p<0.05). There were significant differences between the presence and absence of smoking habits of mothers regarding the age of mother (p<0.01) and smoking habits of the other families (p<0.05). In addition, the binomial logistic regression analysis showed that oral hygiene condition (OR=2.92, p<0.05), regular between meal eating (OR=3.99, p<0.01) and smoking habits of mothers (OR=4.13, p<0.05) were significantly corelated with the presence of dental caries in 3-year-old children. Conclusions: These results suggest that the mothers in the smoking group was younger and higher rate that included smoker families, in addition to poor regular dental check-up during pregnancy and currently. It was also suggested that smoking habits of mothers were associated with dental caries in 3-year-old children

Validation of the Brazilian version of Functional Independence Measure

Introduction: the Brazilian version of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was developed in the 2000. Studies of validity is still required in order corroborate its use in rehabilitation assessment of Brazilian individuals, since local peculiarities may determine differences in the data provided by such instrument. Objectives: the aim of this study is test construct validity of the FIM by checking its convergent validity in groups of patients with impairments expected to develop specific levels of disability. Methods: Medical charts of 150 SCI and 103 hemiplegic patients from 2 rehabilitation centers in São Paulo provided data about demographic characteristics, clinical and functional features. The level of disability was evaluated by the Functional Independence Measure. Traumatic SCI patients were classified according to the level of injury as cervical, thoracic and lumbar or below. Hemiplegic patients were classified according to the side of motor impairment as right, left or bilateral. Sensibility to change was tested in 93 hemiplegic and 59 SCI patients by comparing admission and discharge values of motor, cognitive and total FIM. Results: among SCI we could demonstrate a clear association between the level of the injury and the motor FIM (cervical = 34.4 ± 25.2, thoracic = 51.6 ± 19.5, lumbar = 67.5 ± 18.6; p &lt; 0.001). Cognitive FIM showed a ceiling effect in SCI (85% patients had cFIM at the highest value), on the other hand, among hemiplegic patients this could not be noticed and an association between cognitive FIM and the side of impairment, being the left-side-disabled patients the least cognitively dependent. Statistically significant variations during treatment could be noticed in mFIM in SCI and stroke patients (44.5 ± 24.1x 61.0 ± 23.8; p &lt; 0.001 and 54.1 ± 23.0 x 64.7 .± 21.3; p &lt;0.001). The same could be observed with cFIM in left-sided and right-sided stroke patients, but not for patients with bilateral motor impairment. Conclusion: convergent validity of the Brazilian version of FIM could be shown by the comparison of the results of motor domain among SCI patients with different levels of impairment. Cognitive FIM was proved of little use in chronic SCI patients under rehabilitation, although its association with the better results in left-sided stroke patients also collaborates with its validity. The Brazilian version of FIM proved to be sensitive to changes and of clinically useful as a measure of outcome of rehabilitation for subacute and chronic outpatients in Brazil.A versão brasileira de Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) foi desenvolvida em 2000. Estudos de sua validade ainda são necessários como forma de corroborar seu uso na avaliação da reabilitação de brasileiros incapacitados, uma vez que peculiaridades socioculturais nacionais podem determinar um comportamento diverso dos dados fornecidos pelo instrumento. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é testar a validade de construto da MIF ao checar a validade convergente em grupos de pacientes com deficiências nas quais se esperam estar presentes graus específicos de incapacidade. Método: Prontuários médicos de 150 pacientes com lesão medular (LM) e 103 pacientes com lesões encefálicas (LE) de dois centros de reabilitação da cidade de São Paulo forneceram dados a respeito de características biodemográficas, clínicas e funcionais. O grau de incapacidade foi avaliado pela MIF. Os pacientes com LM foram classificados de acordo com o nível de acometimento medular, como cervicais, torácicos ou lombares e abaixo. Pacientes com LE foram classificados conforme o dimídio mais comprometido como direito, esquerdo ou bilaterais. A sensibilidade da MIF foi testada em 93 pacientes com LE e 59 com LM por meio da comparação dos valores da MIF total, cognitiva e motora de admissão e alta. Resultados: entre os pacientes com LM pudemos demonstrar uma clara associação entre o nível de incapacidade e a MIF motora (cervical = 34.4 ± 25.2, torácica = 51.6 ± 19.5, lombar = 67.5 ± 18.6; p &lt; 0.001). A MIF cognitiva apresentou um efeito teto entre os pacientes com lesão medular (85% dos pacientes tinham MIFc no valor mais alto possível), por outro lado, entre os pacientes com LE, isso não pode ser observado e houve uma associação entre o valor obtido na MIFc e o lado envolvido, sendo os pacientes com envolvimento do hemicorpo esquerdo aqueles menos dependente em termos cognitivos. Houve mudança estatisticamente significante durante o tratamento, como pode ser observado pela variação da MIFm em&nbsp; pacientes com LM e LE (44.5 ± 24.1x 61.0 ± 23.8; p &lt; 0.001 e 54.1 ± 23.0 x 64.7 ± 21.3; p &lt;0.001). O mesmo pode ser observado em pacientes com LE com comprometimento a esquerda e à direita, mas não quando o comprometimento era bilateral. Conclusão: a validade convergente da versão brasileira da MIF pode ser observada para as tarefas motoras tanto em pacientes com LM como LE. A MIFc mostrou-se de pouca utilidade entre os pacientes com LM crônico sob reabilitação ambulatorial, apesar de a associação com melhores performances em pacientes com LE e comprometimento à esquerda também colaborar para a sua validade. A versão brasileira da MIF mostrou-se sensível a alterações e clinicamente útil para a avaliação de resultados de reabilitação em pacientes ambulatoriais subagudos e crônicos no Brasil

Magnetization plateau in a two-dimensional multiple-spin exchange model

We study a multiple-spin exchange model on a triangular lattice, which is a possible model for low-density solid 3He films. Due to strong competitions between ferromagnetic three-spin exchange and antiferromagnetic four-spin one, the ground states are highly degenerate in the classical limit. At least 2^{L/2}-fold degeneracy exists on the L*L triangular lattice except for the SO(3) symmetry. In the magnetization process, we found a plateau at m/m_{sat}=1/2, in which the ground state is "uuud state" (a collinear state with four sublattices). The 1/2-plateau appears due to the strong four-spin exchange interaction. This plateau survives against both quantum and thermal fluctuations. Under a magnetic field which realizes the "uuud" ordered state, a phase transition occurs at a finite temperature. We predict that low-density solid 3He thin films may show the 1/2-plateau in the magnetization process. Experimental observation of the plateau will verify strength of the four-spin exchange. It is also discussed that this magnetization plateau can be understood as an insulating-conducting transition in a particle picture.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX, 12 figures, added a reference and corrected typos, to be published in Phys.Rev.B (01 APR 99

Ferromagnetism in the one-dimensional Hubbard model with orbital degeneracy: From low to high electron density

We studied ferromagnetism in the one-dimensional Hubbard model with doubly degenerate atomic orbitals by means of the density-matrix renormalization-group method and obtained the ground-state phase diagrams. It was found that ferromagnetism is stable from low to high (0< n < 1.75) electron density when the interactions are sufficiently strong. Quasi-long-range order of triplet superconductivity coexists with the ferromagnetic order for a strong Hund coupling region, where the inter-orbital interaction U'-J is attractive. At quarter-filling (n=1), the insulating ferromagnetic state appears accompanying orbital quasi-long-range order. For low densities (n<1), ferromagnetism occurs owing to the ferromagnetic exchange interaction caused by virtual hoppings of electrons, the same as in the quarter-filled system. This comes from separation of the charge and spin-orbital degrees of freedom in the strong coupling limit. This ferromagnetism is fragile against variation of band structure. For high densities (n>1), the phase diagram of the ferromagnetic phase is similar to that obtained in infinite dimensions. In this case, the double exchange mechanism is operative to stabilize the ferromagnetic order and this long-range order is robust against variation of the band-dispersion. A partially polarized state appears in the density region 1.68<n<1.75 and phase separation occurs for n just below the half-filling (n=2).Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures, final version, references adde

Real-world management of treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema : 2-year visual outcome focusing on the starting year of intervention from STREAT-DMO study

Background/aims To investigate the yearly change of real-world outcomes for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after 2-year clinical intervention for treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods Retrospective analysis of aggregated, longitudinal medical records obtained from 27 retina specialised institutions in Japan from Survey of Treatment for DMO database. A total of 2049 treatment-naïve centre involving DMO eyes of which the initial intervention started between 2010 and 2015, and had been followed for 2 years, were eligible. As interventions, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, local corticosteroids, macular photocoagulation and vitrectomy were defined. In each eye, baseline and final BCVA, the number of each intervention for 2 years was extracted. Each eye was classified by starting year of interventional treatment. Results Although baseline BCVA did not change by year, 2-year improvement of BCVA had been increased, and reached to +6.5 letters in the latest term. There is little difference among starting year about proportions of eyes which BCVA gained >15 letters, in contrast to those which lost >15 letters were decreased by year. The proportion of eyes receiving anti-VEGF therapy was dramatically increased, while those receiving the other therapies were gradually decreased. The proportion of eyes which maintained socially good vision of BCVA>20/40 has been increased and reached to 59.0% in the latest term. Conclusion For recent years, treatment patterns for DMO have been gradually but certainly changed; as a result, better visual gain, suppression of worsened eyes and better final BCVA have been obtained. Anti-VEGF therapy has become the first-line therapy and its injection frequency has been increasing

Real-world management of treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema in Japan : two-year visual outcomes with and without anti-VEGF therapy in the STREAT-DME study

Background/Aims To investigate real-world outcomes for best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after 2-year clinical intervention for treatment-naïve, centr-involving diabetic macular oedema (DME). Methods Retrospective analysis of longitudinal medical records obtained from 27 institutions specialising in retinal diseases in Japan. A total of 2049 eyes with treatment-naïve DME commencing intervention between 2010 and 2015 who were followed for 2 years were eligible. Interventions for DME included anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, local corticosteroid therapy, macular photocoagulation and vitrectomy. Baseline and final BCVA (logMAR) were assessed. Eyes were classified by the treatment pattern, depending on whether anti-VEGF therapy was used, into an anti-VEGF monotherapy group (group A), a combination therapy group (group B) and a group without anti-VEGF therapy (group C). Results The mean 2-year improvement of BCVA was −0.04±0.40 and final BCVA of >20/40 was obtained in 46.3% of eyes. Based on the treatment pattern, there were 427 eyes (20.9%) in group A, 807 eyes (39.4%) in group B and 815 eyes (39.8%) in group C. Mean improvement of BCVA was −0.09±0.39, –0.02±0.40 and −0.05±0.39, and the percentage of eyes with final BCVA of >20/40 was 49.4%, 38.9%, and 52.0%, respectively. Conclusion Following 2-year real-world management of treatment-naïve DME in Japan, BCVA improved by 2 letters. Eyes treated by anti-VEGF monotherapy showed a better visual prognosis than eyes receiving combination therapy. Despite treatment for DME being selected by specialists in consideration of medical and social factors, a satisfactory visual prognosis was not obtained, but final BCVA remained >20/40 in half of all eyes