Radical‐medicated end‐group transformation of amphiphilic methacrylate random copolymers for modulation of antimicrobial and hemolytic activities

This work describes synthesis of antimicrobial methacrylate copolymers by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and examines the versatility of this approach for improving chemical optimization to create potent, non‐toxic antimicrobial polymers. Specifically, this study focuses on the radical‐mediated transformation of end group of antimicrobial peptide‐mimetic polymer. RAFT polymerization using 2‐cyano‐2‐yl‐dithiobenzoate provided a statistical methacrylate copolymer consisting of aminobutyl and ethyl groups in the side chains. The following radical‐mediated modification using free radical initiators successfully transformed the ω‐end group of parent copolymer from dithiobenzoate to a cyanoisobutyl or aminoethyl cyanopentanoate group without any significant changes to the polymer molecular weight. In general, the parent polymer and variants showed a broad spectrum of activity against a panel of bacteria, but low hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. The parent copolymer with the dithiobenzoate end‐group showed highest antimicrobial and hemolytic activities as compared with other copolymers. The copolymers caused membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus, while the ability of copolymers for membrane disruption is not dependent on the end‐group structures. The synthetic route reported in this study will be useful for further study of the role of polymer end‐groups in the antimicrobial activity of copolymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 304–312Cationic amphiphilic methacrylate copolymers with antimicrobial activity were prepared by RAFT polymerization. The radical‐mediated modification method transformed the ω‐end groups from the RAFT agent to different functional groups, which modulate their antibacterial and hemolytic activities. The radical‐medicated approach would be a viable option to optimize the structures of methacrylate copolymers for their antimicrobial activity and selectivity to bacteria through pinpoint end‐group transformation as well as to functionalize polymers for potential applications such as surface modifications.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135523/1/pola28384.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135523/2/pola28384-sup-0001-suppinfo1.pd

雑誌『児童研究』における遊戯論に関する一考察

The purpose of this study is to investigate the articles related to play and education through play in the Journal of "Jido Kenkyu" (Child Studies), which was first issued in 1898 and discontinued in 1943, and to analyze the theories on play and education through play promoted mainly in the thirties of the Meiji Period, and to clarify the influence of those theories on the development of education as well as on that of physical education. The results of this study are summarized as follows : (1) The articles written by Kojiro Matsumoto, Heizaburo Takashima, and Sozo Kurahashi are noted as influential ones. (2) The articles had the modern thought of children in common which was asserted by John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, etc. and that one should treat a child as a child and that play has the important value in the development of children. (3) Those theories also taught that play gives one pleasure, and this recognition. seemed to lead teachers to find another way for physical education classes, which was different from the disciplinary instruction present in gymnastics. (4) In connection with the revised Imperial edict on elementary school in 1990, elementary school teachers were highly interested in play education. They felt the need for a theoretical basis of education when the scholars originating child studies in Japan were about to provide those theories. (5) The journal also ran the teachers\u27 reports on the true state of play and the curricula of play education in the schools and communities and thus it encouraged the teachers\u27 studies of play education and contributed to its development. (6) It is recognized that \u27Taiso-Yugi Torishirabe Houkoku\u27 (a school physical education reform plan recommended by the Committee for the Investigation of Gymnastics and Play, which was organized by the Ministry of Education in 1905) highly evaluated play and games as teaching materials for physical education class and that H. Takashima played an important role in the report. Generally speaking, however, many scholars and teachers interested in play who reported and read aricles in the journal Seemed to have an influence on the report by the Committee as well

高島平三郎の遊戯論に関する一考察

The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of Heizaburo Takashima\u27s theory on play and the influence of his theory on the school physical education reform plan (Taiso-Yugi Torisirabe Houkoku) recommended by the Committee for the Investigation of Gymnastics and Play in 1905, which was organized by the Ministry of Education. The results of this study are summarized as follows : (1) The development of Takashima\u27s thory on play had three stages, 1) the period from 1901 to 1904, 2) the period from 1904 to 1906, 3) the period from 1906 to fl. 1916. (2) In the first stage, when he wrote "Tai-iku Genri" (Principles of Physical Education), he divided play into two classes, \u27free exercises\u27 and \u27skillful exercises\u27. He pointed out that the images are put in motion during \u27free exercises\u27 while \u27skillful exercises\u27 give one pleasure. (3) In the book explaining the physical edcation reform plan ("Taiiku no Riron oyobi Jissai") in the second stage, both \u27free exercises\u27 and \u27skillful exercises\u27 were discussed as \u27play\u27, from the viewpoint of biology, physiology, psychology, aesthetics, sociology, and pedagogy. It was important that he, specifically from the standpoint of psychologist, clarified the nature of play which is autotelic and has the conciousness of free and pleasure, and at the same time recognized, from the sociological viewpoint, the function of play giving one satisfaction of association. There was ovbiousely a big change in his theory of play in this stage and school pysical education in Japan had been greatly influenced by his theoy because he, as a leader of school pysical education theory at that time, worked for the Committee by the Ministory of Education. (4) Although he had been out of physical education profession in the third stage, the development of his theory of play was keeping pace with the study of psychology, especially child psychology. In the same way which he had already discussed in the second stage, he emphasized the nature of play as \u27to be free and pleasurable (enjoyable)\u27, \u27to give one satisfaction of social association\u27 and \u27to have mental effects\u27. However, the feature of this stage lies in having deepened his theory and illustrating the activities practically. His theory seemed, in fact, to have influenced to some extent on the physical educator, because he had been famous for his book "Tai-iku Genri" even at that time

明治30年代初めの女子体育論とミス・ヒュースによるスウェーデン式体操の推奨

The purpose of this study is to investigate the issues on women\u27s physical education published in the early 30\u27s of Meiji Period and make the points at issue clear. As a result of this study, the following are concluded : 1. Three points at issue on women\u27s physical education in the early 30\u27s of Meiji Period were found, that is, i) matching of gymnastics with the traditional manners, ii) the introducion of the Swedish System of Gymnastics as suitable exercises for women and iii) the recommendation of sport to women. 2. Those issues were based on a new image of woman, who should be, to an extent, free from the traditional image of woman such as only to marry, have babies, and keep house, and who would take a positive attitude towards their daily lives including sport and gymnastics. 3. One thing that should be specifically noted is that the recommendation of the Swedish System of Gymnastics by Miss Hughes at Cambridge had already introduced in an education journal, \u27Tokyo Meikeikai Zasshi\u27 in June 1898. 4. Thus, these issues took the lead in the development of women\u27s physical education in the later period

Branched Poly(ethylene imine)s as Anti‐algal and Anti‐cyanobacterial Agents with Selective Flocculation Behavior to Cyanobacteria over Algae

Poly(ethylene imine)s (PEIs) have been widely studied for biomedical applications, including antimicrobial agents against potential human pathogens. The interactions of branched PEIs (B‐PEIs) with environmentally relevant microorganisms whose uncontrolled growth in natural or engineered environments causes health, economic, and technical issues in many sectors of water management are studied. B‐PEIs are shown to be potent antimicrobials effective in controlling the growth of environmentally relevant algae and cyanobacteria with dual‐functionality and selectivity. Not only did they effectively inhibit growth of both algae and cyanobacteria, mostly without causing cell death (static activity), but they also selectively flocculated cyanobacteria over algae. Thus, unmodified B‐PEIs provide a cost‐effective and chemically facile framework for the further development of effective and selective antimicrobial agents useful for control of growth and separation of algae and cyanobacteria in natural or engineered environments.Poly(ethylene imine)s (B‐PEIs) are shown as effective antimicrobial agents against environmentally relevant microorganisms (algae CR – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, cyanobacterium SE – Synechococcus elongatus). B‐PEIs have dual‐functionalities and can 1) inhibit growth of both algae and cyanobacteria and 2) selectively flocculate cyanobacteria over algae. These molecules provide a cost‐effective and chemically facile framework for the further development of selective anti‐algal and anti‐cyanobacterial agents.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146449/1/mabi201800187_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146449/2/mabi201800187.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146449/3/mabi201800187-sup-0001-SupMat.pd

Spillover effect of Japanese long-term care insurance as an employment promotion policy for family caregivers

We evaluate a spillover effect of the Japanese public long-term care insurance (LTCI) as a policy to stimulate family caregivers’ labor force participation. Using nationally representative data from 1995 to 2013, we apply difference-in-difference propensity score matching to investigate the spillover effect in two periods: before and after the introduction of the LTCI in 2000 and before and after its major amendment in 2006. Our results show that the LTCI introduction has significant and positive spillover effects on family caregivers’ labor force participation and the effects vary by gender and age. In contrast, the LTCI amendment is found to have generally negative spillover effects on their labor force participation. We draw attention to these spillover effects, as expanding labor market supply to sustain the economy would be a priority for Japan and other rapidly aging countries in the coming decades

ダイガク ニ オケル ブキョク トショシツ ノ ジレイ ブンセキ : イリョウ ジョウホウシツ 1975 - 2000ネンド ノ ソウカツ

1975～2000年度まで,服装の人文社会科学系領域を対象として,学内外の情報サービスを行ってきた,被服学科衣料情報室の活動内容を要約する。さらに,大学における部局図書室の位置づけについて,とくにつぎの観点一教育とのかかわり,学生へのアメニティ・サービス,学内外への情報サービス活動,そして大学図書館との関係-からの分析を試みる

Comprehensive Assessment of Risk Factors of Cause-Specific Infant Deaths in Japan

Background: Public attention is given to infants with socially high risks of child abuse and neglect, while clinical attention is provided to infants with a biologically high risk of diseases. However, few studies have systematically evaluated how biological or social factors cross over and affect cause-specific infant mortality.Methods: We linked birth data with death data from the Japanese national vital statistics database for all infants born from 2003–2010. Using multivariate logistic regression, we examined the association between biological and social factors and infant mortality due to medical causes (internal causes), abuse (intentional external causes), and accidents (unintentional external causes).Results: Of 8,941,501 births, 23,400 (0.26%) infants died by 1 year of age, with 21,884 (93.5%) due to internal causes, 175 (0.75%) due to intentional external causes, and 1,194 (5.1%) due to unintentional external causes. Infants with high social risk (teenage mothers, non-Japanese mothers, single mothers, unemployed household, four or more children in the household, or birth outside of health care facility) had higher risk of death by intentional, unintentional, and internal causes. Infant born with small for gestational age and preterm had higher risks of deaths by internal and unintentional causes, but not by intentional causes.Conclusions: Both biological as well as social factors were associated with infant deaths due to internal and external causes. Interdisciplinary support from both public health and clinical-care professionals is needed for infants with high social or biological risk to prevent disease and injury