2,375 research outputs found

    Jarzynski's equality, fluctuation theorems, and variance reduction: Mathematical analysis and numerical algorithms

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    In this paper, we study Jarzynski's equality and fluctuation theorems for diffusion processes. While some of the results considered in the current work are known in the (mainly physics) literature, we review and generalize these nonequilibrium theorems using mathematical arguments, therefore enabling further investigations in the mathematical community. On the numerical side, variance reduction approaches such as importance sampling method are studied in order to compute free energy differences based on Jarzynski's equality.Comment: journal versio

    Governance transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): : a B2 case study report

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    ECOWAS and the Restoration of Democracy in The Gambia

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    Nach den umstrittenen PrĂ€sidentschaftswahlen in Gambia im Dezember 2016 konnte die westafrikanischen Regionalorganisation ECOWAS die Demokratie im Land wiederherstellen, indem sie eine militĂ€rische Intervention androhte, ohne dass es tatsĂ€chlich zu Gewaltmaßnahmen kam. Sowohl die Afrikanische Union als auch der Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen hatten die Entscheidung der Regionalorganisation unterstĂŒtzt und damit zur Legitimation dieser "afrikanischen Lösung fĂŒr afrikanische Probleme" beigetragen. Die gambische Regierung rĂ€umte ihre Wahlniederlage erst in dem Moment ein, als das Szenario einer MilitĂ€rinvasion glaubhaft erschien. Vier Hauptfaktoren erklĂ€ren das Vorgehen von ECOWAS und den Erfolg: Die Regionalorganisation verfĂŒgte ĂŒber ein rechtlich eindeutiges Mandat, die Demokratie in einem ihrer MitgliedslĂ€nder durch Androhung von Gewalt zu schĂŒtzen; es bestand Konsens, dass die relativ kleine gambische Armee einer ECOWAS-Eingreiftruppe nicht gewachsen wĂ€re; der gambische PrĂ€sident konnte weder auf befreundete Regierungen im regionalen Umfeld noch auf mĂ€chtige Alliierte außerhalb des afrikanischen Kontinents setzen; regionale FĂŒhrungsmĂ€chte wie Nigeria und Senegal erklĂ€rten ihre UnterstĂŒtzung einer regionalen Intervention. Die ECOWAS-Intervention in Gambia ist ein erfolgreiches Beispiel fĂŒr einen aktiven demokratischen Regionalismus; ihr Erfolg beruht allerdings auf den spezifischen Bedingungen in Westafrika und es ist wenig wahrscheinlich, dass sie zum Modell fĂŒr regionale Interventionen in anderen Teilen Afrikas wird.Following the disputed December 2016 presidential elections in The Gambia, ECOWAS managed to "restore democracy" in the country by using the threat of force, but without any use of direct physical violence. Both the African Union and the United Nations Security Council backed ECOWAS, which also gave ECOWAS legitimacy, for what was essentially ECOWAS's policy, and indeed an African solution to African problems. Only when the scenario of military invasion became credible did the Gambian regime accept the defeat. Four main factors explain the behaviour of ECOWAS and its success: ECOWAS had a clear legal mandate to threaten the use of force in order to protect democracy in one of its member states; there was consensus that ECOWAS forces could have coped with the relatively small Gambian army; the Gambian president could not rely on friends among his regional peers or some powerful ally from outside Africa; and regional leaders such as Nigeria and Senegal made a credible commitment to the regional intervention. While the intervention was a victory for pro-democratic activist regionalism, the specific West African conditions make a diffusion of the model to other parts of Africa unlikely

    Local elections and local government in southern Africa

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    'Vor dem Hintergrund der Demokratisierungsprozesse im sĂŒdlichen Afrika hat die Regulierung des politischen Wettbewerbs auch auf der lokalen Ebene in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der Beitrag systematisiert die verstreuten Informationen ĂŒber die Reformen der Kommunalverfassung und lokale Wahlen in allen SADC-LĂ€ndern. Dabei werden sowohl die Typen von gewĂ€hlten Institutionen, das Zusammenwirken von gewĂ€hlten und ernannten Ratsmitgliedern, die Rolle der BĂŒrgermeister, die RegelmĂ€ĂŸigkeit der DurchfĂŒhrung von Wahlen, die Wahlsysteme und das passive Wahlrecht nĂ€her beleuchtet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden einige Hypothesen zu den möglichen Auswirkungen der in den SADC-LĂ€ndern stark variierenden institutionellen Regelungen sowohl fĂŒr die Demokratisierung der Lokalpolitik als auch RĂŒckwirkungen auf die nationale Ebene diskutiert.' (Autorenreferat)'With the recent wave of democratisation in Sub-Saharan Africa a new interest in elected local councils has appeared. It is also increasingly underlined by re-search, both from the field of development theory/politics and from comparative research on democratisation processes. These broader arguments are narrowed down by concentrating on local electoral rules, with a geographical focus on the countries of Southern Africa. The contribution presents data for all Southern African countries on the types of elected bodies at sub-national level of government, the composition of local councils, the regularity and simultaneity of local and national elections, the electoral systems and the rules governing candidature at the local level. Electoral rules are just one set of institutions that matter in local politics, and there is no doubt that other variables (such as local administration, resource allocation or capacity-building) are equally important. But the assumption is that local electoral institutions are relevant for the democratisation of both local and national politics, and should thus merit closer scrutiny. The comparative study of different countries offers additional insights into similarities or specific constraints and problems that countries face in organising local elections, as well as into the institutional solutions that they eventually opted for.' (author's abstract)

    Writing the Script? ECOWAS’ Military Intervention Mechanism

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    Introduction: In 1999, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) adopted an innovative protocol. The ECOWAS Protocol relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peace-Keeping, and Security (Protocol-Mechanism) established a nine member state Mediation and Security Council (MSC) deciding with majority rule upon military interventions in member states against the will of target countries in cases of, among others, violation of human rights, the rule of law, or democratic principles. Up until then the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) had been the sole organization to have this right, and so far no other regional organization had followed suit. An additional Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance from 2001 complemented the first protocol by providing a more explicit framework of reference for appropriate governance standards within member states. In a region mostly known for countries with weak statehood and military coup d’états the Protocols of 1999 and 2001 represent a strong commitment to liberal democracy combined with a mandate by the regional organization to defend these principles by force if necessary

    Overcoming the timescale barrier in molecular dynamics: Transfer operators, variational principles and machine learning

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    One of the main challenges in molecular dynamics is overcoming the ‘timescale barrier’: in many realistic molecular systems, biologically important rare transitions occur on timescales that are not accessible to direct numerical simulation, even on the largest or specifically dedicated supercomputers. This article discusses how to circumvent the timescale barrier by a collection of transfer operator-based techniques that have emerged from dynamical systems theory, numerical mathematics and machine learning over the last two decades. We will focus on how transfer operators can be used to approximate the dynamical behaviour on long timescales, review the introduction of this approach into molecular dynamics, and outline the respective theory, as well as the algorithmic development, from the early numerics-based methods, via variational reformulations, to modern data-based techniques utilizing and improving concepts from machine learning. Furthermore, its relation to rare event simulation techniques will be explained, revealing a broad equivalence of variational principles for long-time quantities in molecular dynamics. The article will mainly take a mathematical perspective and will leave the application to real-world molecular systems to the more than 1000 research articles already written on this subject

    Machtwechsel im Senegal - neue Chance fĂŒr die Demokratie?

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    Seit dem 2. April 2012 hat der Senegal einen neuen PrĂ€sidenten. Der 51-jĂ€hrige frĂŒhere Premierminister Macky Sall löste PrĂ€sident Abdoulaye Wade ab, der das Amt seit 2000 innegehabt und sich auf Grundlage einer umstrittenen Verfassungsauslegung um eine dritte Amtszeit beworben hatte. Der Sieg von Macky Sall kam nicht völlig ĂŒberraschend, allerdings hatten viele Beobachter bis zuletzt nicht erwartet, dass der greise Amtsinhaber seine Wahlniederlage tatsĂ€chlich zulassen wĂŒrde. Bereits nach dem ersten Wahlgang hatte sich abgezeichnet, dass PrĂ€sident Wade keine Mehrheit mehr in der Bevölkerung hatte. Der Machtwechsel erfolgte schließlich ĂŒberraschend reibungslos. Die schwerste FehleinschĂ€tzung des Amtsinhabers bestand in der Erwartung, der Bevölkerung seinen Sohn als Nachfolger aufzwingen zu können, obwohl dieser bereits bei den Kommunalwahlen in Dakar eine Abfuhr erhalten hatte. Wades Versuch, eine Dynastie zu errichten, sorgte nicht nur fĂŒr die Abwendung fĂ€higer Politiker wie Macky Sall von der Parti DĂ©mocratique SĂ©nĂ©galais (PDS), sondern wurde zum Symbol personalistischer AmtsfĂŒhrung schlechthin. Die politisch-institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen erwiesen sich als weniger vorteilhaft fĂŒr den Amtsinhaber als zunĂ€chst angenommen. Bei den Wahlen selbst wirkte sich die absolute Mehrheitswahl zugunsten der Opposition aus. Der Machtwechsel war schließlich auch das Ergebnis einer erstaunlichen Mobilisierung der stĂ€dtischen Zivilgesellschaft gegen das "System Wade" und eines seit 2007 vorbereiteten Schulterschlusses aller wichtigen Oppositionsparteien. Die Ereignisse im Senegal bestĂ€tigen damit einen Trend, wonach Amtsinhaber in Afrika bei einer absoluten Mehrheitswahl im ersten Wahlgang gewinnen mĂŒssen, weil sie mit aller Wahrscheinlichkeit im zweiten Wahlgang nicht die Stimmen der unterlegenen oppositionellen Kandidaten auf sich vereinen können

    Theory and Algorithms

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    The article surveys and extends variational formulations of the thermodynamic free energy and discusses their information-theoretic content from the perspective of mathematical statistics. We revisit the well-known Jarzynski equality for nonequilibrium free energy sampling within the framework of importance sampling and Girsanov change-of-measure transformations. The implications of the different variational formulations for designing efficient stochastic optimization and nonequilibrium simulation algorithms for computing free energies are discussed and illustrated. View Full-Tex

    Application to light-induced control of open quantum systems

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    In linear control, balanced truncation is known as a powerful technique to reduce the state-space dimension of a system. Its basic principle is to identify a subspace of jointly easily controllable and observable states and then to restrict the dynamics to this subspace without changing the overall response of the system. This work deals with a first application of balanced truncation to the control of open quantum systems which are modeled by the Liouville-von Neumann equation within the Lindblad formalism. Generalization of the linear theory has been proposed to cope with the bilinear terms arising from the coupling between the control field and the quantum system. As an example we choose the dissipative quantum dynamics of a particle in an asymmetric double well potential driven by an external control field, monitoring population transfer between the potential wells as a control target. The accuracy of dimension reduction is investigated by comparing the populations obtained for the truncated system versus those for the original system. The dimension of the model system can be reduced very efficiently where the degree of reduction depends on temperature and relaxation rate
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