240 research outputs found
A Multiwavelength Investigation of Unidentified EGRET Sources
Statistical studies indicate that the 271 point sources of high-energy gamma
rays belong to two groups: a Galactic population and an isotropic extragalactic
population. Many unidentified extragalactic sources are certainly blazars, and
it is the intention of this work to uncover gamma-ray blazars missed by
previous attempts. Until recently, searches for blazar counterparts to
unidentified EGRET sources have focused on finding AGN that have 5-GHz radio
flux densities S_5 near or above 1 Jy. However, the recent blazar
identification of 3EG J2006-2321 (S_5 = 260 mJy) and other work suggest that
careful studies of weaker flat-spectrum sources may be fruitful. In this
spirit, error circles of 4 high-latitude unidentified EGRET sources have been
searched for 5-GHz sources. The gamma-ray sources are 3EG J1133+0033, 3EG
J1212+2304, 3EG J1222+2315, and 3EG J1227+4302. Within the error contours of
each of the four sources are found 6 radio candidates; by observing the
positions of the radio sources with the 0.81-m Tenagra II telescope it is
determined that 14 of these 24 radio sources have optical counterparts with R <
22. Eight of these from two different EGRET sources have been observed in the
B, V, and R bands in more than one epoch and the analysis of these data is
ongoing. Any sources that are found to be variable will be the objects of
multi-epoch polarimetry studies.Comment: 6 pages, 2 tables. To appear in Astrophysics & Space Scienc
Helium mixtures in nanotube bundles
An analogue to Raoult's law is determined for the case of a 3He-4He mixture
adsorbed in the interstitial channels of a bundle of carbon nanotubes. Unlike
the case of He mixtures in other environments, the ratio of the partial
pressures of the coexisting vapor is found to be a simple function of the ratio
of concentrations within the nanotube bundle.Comment: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
Synchrotron emission from secondary leptons in microquasar jets
We present a model to estimate the synchrotron radio emission generated in
microquasar (MQ) jets due to secondary pairs created via decay of charged pions
produced in proton-proton collisions between stellar wind ions and jet
relativistic protons. Signatures of electrons/positrons are obtained from
consistent particle energy distributions that take into account energy losses
due to synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) processes, as well as adiabatic
expansion. The space parameter for the model is explored and the corresponding
spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are presented. We conclude that secondary
leptonic emission represents a significant though hardly dominant contribution
to the total radio emission in MQs, with observational consequences that can be
used to test some still unknown processes occurring in these objects as well as
the nature of the matter outflowing in their jets
GLAST Large Area Telescope Multiwavelength Planning
Gamma-ray astrophysics depends in many ways on multiwavelength studies. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has started multiwavelength planning well before the scheduled 2007 launch of the observatory. Some of the high-priority multiwavelength needs include: (1) availability of contemporaneous radio and X-ray timing of pulsars; (2) expansion of blazar catalogs, including redshift measurements; (3) improved observations of molecular clouds, especially at high galactic latitudes; (4) simultaneous broad-spectrum blazar monitoring; (5) characterization of gamma-ray transients, including gamma ray bursts; (6) radio, optical, X-ray and TeV counterpart searches for reliable and effective sources identification and characterization. Several of these activities are needed to be in place before launch
Microclimatic effect on vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei third-stage larvae on irrigated Kikuyu pasture
The influence of microclimate on numbers of third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in four strata of irrigated Kikuyu pasture was assessed. On 36 different, interspersed days three replicates of pasture samples were collected on three occasions per day from 1990-1992 for larval recovery and the logââ mean counts of the larvae recovered were analysed by use of ANOVA models. Because the ground-surface area from which herbage was collected was standardized, estimated larval counts for the different strata could be compared; this was not possible in our previous studies. For H. contortus, the estimated larval counts in the four strata were predicted by microclimatic air temperature, relative humidity and soil moisture, with the coefficient-of-determination (RÂČ) values ranging from 0,15-0,35. Of these, air temperature had the greatest effect. The same three predictors, together with illumination and wind speed, featured for H. placei, with RÂČ values of 0,19-0,52. With the exception of wind speed and illumination, which (for H. placei) had the opposite effect, all the microclimatic parameters listed, predicted an increase in numbers of larvae from a lower to an upper strata.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi.
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.University of Pretoria. Foundation for Research Development. Meat Board of South Africa. Department of Agriculture.mn201
A first EGRET-UNID-related agenda for the next-generation Cherenkov telescopes
The next generation of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) will
open the regime between approx. 30 GeV and 200 GeV to ground-based gamma
observations with unprecedented point source sensitivity and source location
accuracy. I examine the prospects of observing the unidentified objects (UNIDs)
of the Third EGRET Catalog using the IACT observatories currently under
construction by the CANGAROO, HESS, MAGIC and VERITAS collaborations. Assuming
a modest spectral steepening similar to that observed in the inverse Compton
component of the Crab Nebula spectrum and taking into account the sensitivity
of the instruments and its zenith angle dependence, a detailed list of 78
observable objects is derived which is then further constrained to 38 prime
candidates. The characteristics of this agenda are discussed.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Carraminana, Reimer &
Thompson (eds.) Proc. "The nature of unidentified high-energy gamma-ray
sources (Tonantzintla, Mexico, October 2000)", Kluwer Academi
MeV-mass dark matter and primordial nucleosynthesis
The annihilation of new dark matter candidates with masses in the MeV
range may account for the galactic positrons that are required to explain the
511 keV -ray flux from the galactic bulge. We study the impact of
MeV-mass thermal relic particles on the primordial synthesis of H, He,
and Li. If the new particles are in thermal equilibrium with neutrinos
during the nucleosynthesis epoch they increase the helium mass fraction for
m_X\alt 10 MeV and are thus disfavored. If they couple primarily to the
electromagnetic plasma they can have the opposite effect of lowering both
helium and deuterium. For --10 MeV they can even improve the overall
agreement between the predicted and observed H and He abundances.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, references and two appendices added,
conclusions unchanged; accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.
Development of a population pharmacokinetic model to predict brain distribution and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy of raclopride in nonanesthetized rat
BACKGROUND: Raclopride is a selective antagonist of the dopamine D2 receptor. It is one of the most frequently used in vivo D2 tracers (at low doses) for assessing drug-induced receptor occupancy (RO) in animals and humans. It is also commonly used as a pharmacological blocker (at high doses) to occupy the available D2 receptors and antagonize the action of dopamine or drugs on D2 in preclinical studies. The aims of this study were to comprehensively evaluate its pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in different brain compartments and to establish a PK-RO model that could predict the brain distribution and RO of raclopride in the freely moving rat using a LC-MS based approach.METHODS: Rats (n=24) received a 10-min IV infusion of non-radiolabeled raclopride (1.61ÎŒmol/kg, i.e. 0.56mg/kg). Plasma and the brain tissues of striatum (with high density of D2 receptors) and cerebellum (with negligible amount of D2 receptors) were collected. Additional microdialysis experiments were performed in some rats (n=7) to measure the free drug concentration in the extracellular fluid of the striatum and cerebellum. Raclopride concentrations in all samples were analyzed by LC-MS. A population PK-RO model was constructed in NONMEM to describe the concentration-time profiles in the unbound plasma, brain extracellular fluid and brain tissue compartments and to estimate the RO based on raclopride-D2 receptor binding kinetics.RESULTS: In plasma raclopride showed a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase. The striatum tissue concentrations were consistently higher than that of cerebellum tissue throughout the whole experimental period (10-h) due to higher non-specific tissue binding and D2 receptor binding in the striatum. Model-based simulations accurately predicted the literature data on rat plasma PK, brain tissue PK and D2 RO at different time points after intravenous or subcutaneous administration of raclopride at tracer dose (RO 30%).CONCLUSION: For the first time a predictive model that could describe the quantitative in vivo relationship between dose, PK and D2 RO of raclopride in non-anesthetized rat was established. The PK-RO model could facilitate the selection of optimal dose and dosing time when raclopride is used as tracer or as pharmacological blocker in various rat studies. The LC-MS based approach, which doses and quantifies a non-radiolabeled tracer, could be useful in evaluating the systemic disposition and brain kinetics of tracers.Pharmacolog
Status of Identification of VHE gamma-ray sources
With the recent advances made by Cherenkov telescopes such as H.E.S.S., the
field of very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray astronomy has recently entered a new
era in which for the first time populations of Galactic sources such as e.g.
Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) or Supernova remnants (SNRs) can be studied.
However, while some of the new sources can be associated by positional
coincidence as well as by consistent multi-wavelength data to a known
counterpart at other wavelengths, most of the sources remain not finally
identified. In the following, the population of Galactic H.E.S.S. sources will
be used to demonstrate the status of the identifications, to classify them into
categories according to this status and to point out outstanding problems.Comment: To appear in Astrophysics and Space Science (Proceedings of "The
multimessenger approach to unidentified gamma-ray sources
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