The Grizzly, November 21, 1986

LCB: A Factor Not Counted On • Garton Lecture Stirs Debate • Letters: Grizzly\u27s Summary was False; Hey Wismer, Who\u27s Getting Ripped Off Here?; Lobby Loses Labyrinth • Bear Matmen Turn Marauders at LaSalle • Football Preview: Repetti Goes for Recordhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1176/thumbnail.jp

ADVANCED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY (ARCT)

The U.S. natural gas pipeline industry is facing the twin challenges of increased flexibility and capacity expansion. To meet these challenges, the industry requires improved choices in gas compression to address new construction and enhancement of the currently installed infrastructure. The current fleet of installed reciprocating compression is primarily slow-speed integral machines. Most new reciprocating compression is and will be large, high-speed separable units. The major challenges with the fleet of slow-speed integral machines are: limited flexibility and a large range in performance. In an attempt to increase flexibility, many operators are choosing to single-act cylinders, which are causing reduced reliability and integrity. While the best performing units in the fleet exhibit thermal efficiencies between 90% and 92%, the low performers are running down to 50% with the mean at about 80%. The major cause for this large disparity is due to installation losses in the pulsation control system. In the better performers, the losses are about evenly split between installation losses and valve losses. The major challenges for high-speed machines are: cylinder nozzle pulsations, mechanical vibrations due to cylinder stretch, short valve life, and low thermal performance. To shift nozzle pulsation to higher orders, nozzles are shortened, and to dampen the amplitudes, orifices are added. The shortened nozzles result in mechanical coupling with the cylinder, thereby, causing increased vibration due to the cylinder stretch mode. Valve life is even shorter than for slow speeds and can be on the order of a few months. The thermal efficiency is 10% to 15% lower than slow-speed equipment with the best performance in the 75% to 80% range. The goal of this advanced reciprocating compression program is to develop the technology for both high speed and low speed compression that will expand unit flexibility, increase thermal efficiency, and increase reliability and integrity. Retrofit technologies that address the challenges of slow-speed integral compression are: (1) optimum turndown using a combination of speed and clearance with single-acting operation as a last resort; (2) if single-acting is required, implement infinite length nozzles to address nozzle pulsation and tunable side branch absorbers for 1x lateral pulsations; and (3) advanced valves, either the semi-active plate valve or the passive rotary valve, to extend valve life to three years with half the pressure drop. This next generation of slow-speed compression should attain 95% efficiency, a three-year valve life, and expanded turndown. New equipment technologies that address the challenges of large-horsepower, high-speed compression are: (1) optimum turndown with unit speed; (2) tapered nozzles to effectively reduce nozzle pulsation with half the pressure drop and minimization of mechanical cylinder stretch induced vibrations; (3) tunable side branch absorber or higher-order filter bottle to address lateral piping pulsations over the entire extended speed range with minimal pressure drop; and (4) semi-active plate valves or passive rotary valves to extend valve life with half the pressure drop. This next generation of large-horsepower, high-speed compression should attain 90% efficiency, a two-year valve life, 50% turndown, and less than 0.75 IPS vibration. This program has generated proof-of-concept technologies with the potential to meet these ambitious goals. Full development of these identified technologies is underway. The GMRC has committed to pursue the most promising enabling technologies for their industry

How Do Masters of Public Health Programs Teach Monitoring and Evaluation?

IntroductionThe health systems in developing countries face challenges because of deficient monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacity with respect to their knowledge, skills, and practices. Strengthening M&E training in public health education can help overcome the gaps in M&E capacity. There is a need to advance the teaching of M&E as a core element of public health education.ObjectivesTo review M&E teaching across Masters of Public Health programs and to identify core competencies for M&E teaching in South Asian context.Materials and methodsWe undertook two activities to understand the M&E teaching across masters level programs: (1) desk review of M&E curriculum and teaching in masters programs globally and (2) review of M&E teaching across 10 institutions representing 4 South Asian countries. Subsequently, we used the findings of these two activities as inputs to identify core competencies for an M&E module through a consultative meeting with the 10 South Asian universities.ResultsMasters programs are being offered globally in 321 universities of which 88 offered a Masters in Public Health, and M&E was taught in 95 universities. M&E was taught as a part of another module in 49 institutions. The most common duration of M&E teaching was 4–5 weeks. From the 70 institutes where information on electives was available, M&E was a core module/part of a core module at 42 universities and an elective at 28 universities. The consultative meeting identified 10 core competencies and draft learning objectives for M&E teaching in masters programs in South Asia.ConclusionThe desk review showed similarities in M&E course content but variations in course structure and delivery. The core competencies identified during the consultation included basic M&E concepts. The results of the review and the core competencies identified at the consultation are useful resources for institutions interested in refining/updating M&E curricula in their postgraduate degree programs. Our approach for curriculum development as well as the consensus building experience could also be adapted for use in other situations

Brief Report: HIV Drug Resistance in Adults Failing Early Antiretroviral Treatment: Results From the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 Trial

Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission and has health benefits. HIV drug resistance can limit treatment options and compromise use of ART for HIV prevention. We evaluated drug resistance in 85 participants in the HPTN 052 trial who started ART at CD4 counts of 350–550 cells/mm(3) and failed ART by May 2011; 8.2% had baseline resistance and 35.3% had resistance at ART failure. High baseline viral load and less education were associated with emergence of resistance at ART failure. Resistance at ART failure was observed in 7/8 (87.5%) participants who started ART at lower CD4 cell counts

Brief Report: HIV Drug Resistance in Adults Failing Early Antiretroviral Treatment: Results From the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 Trial

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-12-21T12:34:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariza_morgado_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 137842 bytes, checksum: 9c34307109b7b6cd29edde12809a3008 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-12-21T13:02:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariza_morgado_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 137842 bytes, checksum: 9c34307109b7b6cd29edde12809a3008 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T13:02:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariza_morgado_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 137842 bytes, checksum: 9c34307109b7b6cd29edde12809a3008 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine. Dept. of Pathology. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine. Dept. of Pathology. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division. Seattle, VA, USA.Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation. Amherst, NY, USA.Lancet Laboratories and BARC-SA. Specialty Molecular Division. Johannesburg, South Africa.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Y. R. Gaitonade Centre for AIDS Research and Education. Chennai, India.National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. Agra, India.Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation. Amherst, NY, USA.Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine. Dept. of Pathology. Baltimore, MD, USA.Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine. Dept. of Pathology. Baltimore, MD, USA.Science Facilitation Department. FHI 360. Washington, DC, USA.Science Facilitation Department. FHI 360, Durham, NC, USA.Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division. Seattle, WA, USA.Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dept. of Medicine. Chapel Hill, NC, USA.Southwest CARE Center. Santa Fe, NM, USA.College of Medicine. Johns Hopkins Project. Blantyre, Malawi.Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute. Gaborone, Botswana.YRGCARE Medical Centre.VHS. Chennai, India.Chiang Mai University. Research Institute for Health Sciences. Chiang Mai, Thailand.University of Zimbabwe. Dept. of Medicine. Harare, Zimbabwe.Univ. of Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, South Africa.Kenya Medical Research Institute. Kisumu, Kenya. / Center for Disease Control. Kisumu, Kenya.Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Division of Infectious Diseases. Chapel Hill, NC, USA / UNC Project-Malawi. Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases. Lilongwe, Malawi.Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Serviço de Infectologia. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR). Pune, India.Hospital Geral de Nova Iguacu. Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.University of the Witwatersrand. Perinatal HIV Research Unit. Soweto, South Africa.The Fenway Institute. Fenway Health and Infectious Disease Division. Boston, MA, USA / Harvard Medical School. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Dept. of Medicine. Boston, MA, USA.Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Public Health Sciences Division. Seattle, VA, USA.Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Department of Medicine. Chapel Hill, NC, USA.Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dept. of Pathology. Baltimore, MD, USA.Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces HIV transmission and has health benefits. HIV drug resistance can limit treatment options and compromise use of ART for HIV prevention. We evaluated drug resistance in 85 participants in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial who started ART at CD4 counts of 350-550 cells per cubic millimeter and failed ART by May 2011; 8.2% had baseline resistance and 35.3% had resistance at ART failure. High baseline viral load and less education were associated with emergence of resistance at ART failure. Resistance at ART failure was observed in 7 of 8 (87.5%) participants who started ART at lower CD4 cell counts