The ever unfolding story of cAMP signaling in trypanosomatids: vive la difference!

Kinetoplastids are unicellular, eukaryotic, flagellated protozoans containing the eponymous kinetoplast. Within this order, the family of trypanosomatids are responsible for some of the most serious human diseases, including Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.), and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp). Although cAMP is produced during the life cycle stages of these parasites, its signaling pathways are very different from those of mammals. The absence of G-protein-coupled receptors, the presence of structurally different adenylyl cyclases, the paucity of known cAMP effector proteins and the stringent need for regulation of cAMP in the small kinetoplastid cells all suggest a significantly different biochemical pathway and likely cell biology. However, each of the main kinetoplastid parasites express four class 1-type cyclic nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEA-D), which have highly similar catalytic domains to that of human PDEs. To date, only TbrPDEB, expressed as two slightly different isoforms TbrPDEB1 and B2, has been found to be essential when ablated. Although the genomes contain reasonably well conserved genes for catalytic and regulatory domains of protein kinase A, these have been shown to have varied structural and functional roles in the different species. Recent discovery of a role of cAMP/AMP metabolism in a quorum-sensing signaling pathway in T. brucei, and the identification of downstream cAMP Response Proteins (CARPs) whose expression levels correlate with sensitivity to PDE inhibitors, suggests a complex signaling cascade. The interplay between the roles of these novel CARPs and the quorum-sensing signaling pathway on cell division and differentiation makes for intriguing cell biology and a new paradigm in cAMP signal transduction, as well as potential targets for trypanosomatid-specific cAMP pathway-based therapeutics

IMPLICATIONS OF THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 FOR FARM ESTATE PLANNING

An intergeneration transfer simulation model is used to project estate transfer costs and the value of transfers to the heirs before and after the tax reform act of 1976. Lower Federal estate taxes result for estates that qualify for the special use valuation of farmland provision of the new law. Replacing the $60,000 estate exemption with the$47,000 estate tax credit and revising the tax rate schedule increases Federal estate taxes when the taxable estate is between $1.175 million and$9.353 million. The new carryover basis rules for estate assets acquired from decedents dying after 1979 also increase transfer costs.Agricultural Finance,

Far-Ultraviolet Number Counts of Field Galaxies

The far-ultraviolet (FUV) number counts of galaxies constrain the evolution of the star-formation rate density of the universe. We report the FUV number counts computed from FUV imaging of several fields including the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, the Hubble Deep Field North, and small areas within the GOODS-North and -South fields. These data were obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Solar Blind Channel of the Advance Camera for Surveys. The number counts sample a FUV AB magnitude range from 21-29 and cover a total area of 15.9 arcmin^2, ~4 times larger than the most recent HST FUV study. Our FUV counts intersect bright FUV GALEX counts at 22.5 mag and they show good agreement with recent semi-analytic models based on dark matter "merger trees" by Somerville et al. (2011). We show that the number counts are ~35% lower than in previous HST studies that use smaller areas. The differences between these studies are likely the result of cosmic variance; our new data cover more lines of sight and more area than previous HST FUV studies. The integrated light from field galaxies is found to contribute between 65.9 +/-8 - 82.6 +/-12 photons/s/cm^2/sr/angstrom to the FUV extragalactic background. These measurements set a lower limit for the total FUV background light.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, including 34 pages, 6 figures, and 2 table

Far-Ultraviolet Number Counts on Field Galaxies

The far-ultraviolet (FUV) number counts of galaxies constrain the evolution of the star formation rate density of the universe. We report the FUV number counts computed from FUV imaging of several fields including the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, the Hubble Deep Field North, and small areas within the GOODS-North and South fields. These data were obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Solar Blind Channel of the Advance Camera for Surveys. The number counts sample an FUV AB magnitude range from 21 to 29 and cover a total area of 15.9 arcmin^2, ~4 times larger than the most recent HST FUV study. Our FUV counts intersect bright FUV Galaxy Evolution Explorer counts at 22.5 mag and they show good agreement with recent semi-analytic models based on dark matter "merger trees" by R. S. Somerville et al. We show that the number counts are ~35% lower than in previous HST studies that use smaller areas. The differences between these studies are likely the result of cosmic variance; our new data cover more lines of sight and more area than previous HST FUV studies. The integrated light from field galaxies is found to contribute between 65.9^(+8)_(–8) and 82.6^(+12)_(–)12 photons s^(–1) cm^(–2) sr^(–1) Å^(–1) to the FUV extragalactic background. These measurements set a lower limit for the total FUV background light

Analisis Penerapan Pembelajaran Berbasis Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia Di Sd/mi Kota Bandung

One of learning approachment which can be used in Mathematics appliances in the real life is a Realistic Mathematics Approachment (PMR). In Indonesia, it is known as The Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI). The theory is based on the assumption that mathematics is about human activities and must be connected to the student's real life. The purposes of the research are to describe about the process of Mathematics learning based PMRI in SD/MI in Bandung naturally. The research is qualitative and using the participant observation which used opened observation. The researcher is as an direct observer and interviewer. The research is used class observation methods to find some description about the process of mathematics learning based PMRI. The research is held in SDPN Sabang, SDPN Setiabudi, and MIN Cicendo as a school which has a PMRI based. The subjects of the research are the third grade, because the researcher want to know deeply about the application of PMRI in the third grade of SD/MI. according to the score of semantic differential scale by the two observer, the score mean (averages) of SDPN Sabang, SDPN Setiabudi, and MIN Cicendo are 2,46, 2,04, and 2,32. The three of the score is considered in the good criteria with the interval (3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3) and meets the characteristic in PMRI approachment

From time series to superstatistics

Complex nonequilibrium systems are often effectively described by a `statistics of a statistics', in short, a `superstatistics'. We describe how to proceed from a given experimental time series to a superstatistical description. We argue that many experimental data fall into three different universality classes: chi^2-superstatistics (Tsallis statistics), inverse chi^2-superstatistics, and log-normal superstatistics. We discuss how to extract the two relevant well separated superstatistical time scales tau and T, the probability density of the superstatistical parameter beta, and the correlation function for beta from the experimental data. We illustrate our approach by applying it to velocity time series measured in turbulent Taylor-Couette flow, which is well described by log-normal superstatistics and exhibits clear time scale separation.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure

Pengaruh Penambahan Serat Ijuk Terhadap Stabilitas Campuran Aspal Emulsi Dingin

Serat ijuk merupakan serat alami yang mudah ditemukan, tetapi belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan serat ijuk terhadap stabilitas Campuran Aspal Emulsi Dingin (CAED). CAED adalah campuran antara agregat bergradasi menerus dan aspal emulsi sebagai bahan pengikat. Aspal emulsi adalah aspal berbentuk cair yang dihasilkan dengan mendispersikan aspal keras ke dalam air atau sebaliknya dengan bantuan bahan pengemulsi sehingga diperoleh partikel aspal yang bermuatan listrik positif atau negatif atau tidak bermuatan listrik. Pengujian Marshall dilakukan pada CAED tanpa dan dengan tambahan serat ijuk dengan waktu curing selama 0 dan 7 hari untuk mendapatkan nilai stabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin banyak kadar serat ijuk yang ditambahkan maka stabilitas meningkat. Stabilitas CAED dengan serat ijuk umur curing 0 hari meningkat pada kadar ijuk 0,1% - 0,3% lalu mengalami penurunan pada kadar ijuk 0,4%. Stabilitas kadar ijuk 0,3% lebih tinggi daripada CAED tanpa serat ijuk. Stabilitas CAED dengan serat ijuk umur curing 7 hari meningkat pada kadar ijuk 0,1% - 0,4% dan masih bisa terus naik. Stabilitas kadar ijuk 0,4% lebih tinggi daripada CAED tanpa serat ijuk. Panjang serat ijuk antara 0,1 – 0,25 cm. Waktu curing selama 7 hari meningkatkan stabilitas CAED tanpa dan dengan tambahan serat iju

Political decision processes, transportation investment, and changes in urban land use: a selective bibliography with particular reference to airports and highways

See this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog: https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/catalogid=31630The purpose of this Bibliography is to assist with the revision and extension of intra-urban location theory, so as to explain and predict how decision making by different persons and groups affects change in intra-urban land use. Special attention is paid to the generation and resolution of conflicts over urban land in the vicinity of new transportation facilities. In particular the Bibliography focuses on new airports on rural-urban fringes and the conflicts generat.ed between politicians, citizens' and business groups, and planners over land use in their vicinity. Existing literature is sparse on this topicThe Department of Transportation, Office of University ResearchCenter for Transportation Researc

A coherent triggered search for single spin compact binary coalescences in gravitational wave data

In this paper we present a method for conducting a coherent search for single spin compact binary coalescences in gravitational wave data and compare this search to the existing coincidence method for single spin searches. We propose a method to characterize the regions of the parameter space where the single spin search, both coincident and coherent, will increase detection efficiency over the existing non-precessing search. We also show example results of the coherent search on a stretch of data from LIGO's fourth science run but note that a set of signal based vetoes will be needed before this search can be run to try to make detections.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Étude de la co-exposition aux contraintes physiques et aux produits chimiques neurotoxiques chez les salariés des Pays de la Loire

In many working environments, employees face important biomechanical constraints, heavy physical demands and/or shift work. However, epidemiological surveillance has rarely addressed the issue of co-exposure to neurotoxic chemicals and biomechanical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders that may affect peripheral nerves. Data from the regional sample of the SUMER 2003 survey were used to study these professional co-exposure phenomena in the Pays de la Loire region. After raking ratio adjustment of the regional survey data (i.e. 916,361 employees after extrapolation), descriptive analyses were carried out separately for men and women and showed that 43% of men and 27% of women were exposed to repetitive tasks and/or vibrating tools and/or cold environment, and 30% of men and 5% of women were exposed to at least one neurotoxic chemical. In men, co-exposure to neurotoxic chemicals and biomechanical constraints was common, especially in the construction and metal processing sectors. This study shows that co-exposure to biomechanical and chemical factors which may cause peripheral neuropathies focuses on the same occupational categories