Models for quantitative charge imaging by atomic force microscopy

Two models are presented for quantitative charge imaging with an atomic-force microscope. The first is appropriate for noncontact mode and the second for intermittent contact (tapping) mode imaging. Different forms for the contact force are used to demonstrate that quantitative charge imaging is possible without precise knowledge of the contact interaction. From the models, estimates of the best charge sensitivity of an unbiased standard atomic-force microscope cantilever are found to be on the order of a few electrons

Pengaruh Spirulina terhadap VEGF dari Trofoblast Tikus Putih Hamil Strain Wistar yang Diinduksi Interleukin 6

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder with hypertension as one of its common symptoms. Preeclampsia in pregnancy is characterized by increasing of proteinuria, blood pressure and also interleukin 6. Spirulina sp is a thread like shaped blue-green algae, similar to chain of cylindrical cells with 1 to 12 μm diameter of cell membrane. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of spirulina on VEGF level in improving of trophoblast function in pregnant white Rats Wistar. The design of the study was laboratory experimental with post-test only control group design. Twenty-five rats with preeclampsia model induced by interleukin 6, were divided into 5 groups. The groups were control group, positive control group (P0) injected by interleukin-6 dose of 5 ng/ 100 gram body weight (BW), group with spirulina dose of 10 mg/100 gram BW (P1), group with spirulina dose of 20 mg/100 gram BW (P2); and group with spirulina dosage 40 mg/100 gram BW (P3). The Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were in experimental groups measured compared to control. The averages of group spirulina were 81.31 (10 mg/100 gram BW), 65.99 (20 mg/100 gram BW), and 49.62 (40 mg/100 gram BW). In comparison with control group (62.70), VEGF level in group administered by spirulina dose of 20 mg/100 gram BW were close to control group

Wingspread Declaration on Renewing the Civic Mission of the American Research University

Civic engagement is essential to a democratic society, but far too many Americans have withdrawn from participation in public affairs. Higher education can contribute to civic engagement, but most research universities do not perceive themselves as part of the problem or of its solution. Whereas universities were once centrally concerned with education for democracy and knowledge for society, today\u27s institutions have often drifted away from their civic mission

Localized charge injection in SiO_2 films containing silicon nanocrystals

An atomic-force microscope (AFM) is used to locally inject, detect, and quantify the amount and location of charge in SiO2 films containing Si nanocrystals (size ~2–6 nm). By comparison with control samples, charge trapping is shown to be due to nanocrystals and not ion-implantation-induced defects in samples containing ion-beam-synthesized Si nanocrystals. Using an electrostatic model and AFM images of charge we have estimated the amount of charge injected in a typical experiment to be a few hundred electrons and the discharge rate to be ~35±15 e/min

Impact of the Social Construction of LD on Culturally Diverse Families: A Response to Reid and Valle

This response focuses on the effects of the current construction of learning disabilities (LD) on families of children from devalued racial/ethnic groups. Agreeing with the arguments of Reid and Valle, we add that parents from such groups are further disenfranchised because they are not participants in the critical discourse surrounding LD and because of the persistent belief that their parenting skills are deficient. We also suggest that the expectation of parental advocacy may be alien to parents whose cultures do not embrace an individualist perspective. Professionals can improve their responses to such parents by an understanding of the principle of cultural reciprocity

Mud Pies

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